Analytical game strategies for active UAV defense considering response delays OA

In the realm of aerial warfare,the protection of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs) against adversarial threats is crucial.In order to balance the impact of response delays and the demand for onboard applications,this paper derives three analytical game strategies for the active defense of UAVs from differential game theory,accommodating the first-order dynamic delays.The targeted UAV executes evasive maneuvers and launches a defending missile to intercept the attacking missile,which constitutes a UAVMissile-Defender(UMD) three-body game problem.We explore two distinct operational paradigms:the first involves the UAV and the defender working collaboratively to intercept the incoming threat,while the second prioritizes UAV self-preservation,with independent maneuvering away from potentially sacrificial engagements.Starting with model linearization and order reduction,the Collaborative Interception Strategy(CIS) is first derived via a linear quadratic differential game formulation.Building upon CIS,we further explore two distinct strategies:the Informed Defender Interception Strategy(IDIS),which utilizes UAV maneuvering information,and the Unassisted Defender Interception Strategy(UDIS),which does not rely on UAV maneuvering information.Additionally,we investigate the conditions for the existence of saddle point solutions and their relationship with vehicle maneuverability and response agility.The simulations demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed strategies.

Dual-Wavelength Photosensitive Nano-in-Micro Scaffold Regulates Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses for Osteogenesis

The immune response of a biomaterial determines its osteoinductive effect.Although the mechanisms by which some immune cells promote regeneration have been revealed,the biomaterial-induced immune response is a dynamic process involving multiple cells.Currently,it is challenging to accurately regulate the innate and adaptive immune responses to promote osteoinduction in biomaterials.Herein,we investigated the roles of macrophages and dendritic cells(DCs)during the osteoinduction of biphasic calcium phosphate(BCP)scaffolds.We found that osteoinductive BCP directed M2 macrophage polarization and inhibited DC maturation,resulting in low T cell response and efficient osteogenesis.Accordingly,a dual-targeting nano-in-micro scaffold(BCP loaded with gold nanocage,BCP-GNC)was designed to regulate the immune responses of macrophages and DCs.Through a dual-wavelength photosensitive switch,BCP-GNC releases interleukin-4 in the early stage of osteoinduction to target M2 macrophages and then releases dexamethasone in the later stage to target immature DCs,creating a desirable inflammatory environment for osteogenesis.This study demonstrates that biomaterials developed to have specific regulatory capacities for immune cells can be used to control the early inflammatory responses of implanted materials and induce osteogenesis.

The authors acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(project No.31971247).

Mineralized tissue regeneration is an important and challenging part of the field of tissue engineering and regeneration.At present,autograft harvest procedures may cause secondary trauma to patients,while bone scaffold materials lack osteogenic activity,resulting in a limited application.Loaded with osteogenic induction growth factor can improve the osteoinductive performance of bone graft,but the explosive release of growth factor may also cause side effects.In this study,we innovatively used platelet-rich fibrin(PRF)-modified bone scaffolds(Bio-Oss®)to replace autograft,and used cytokine(BMP-2)to enhance osteogenesis.Encouragingly,this mixture,which we named“Autograft Mimic(AGM)”,has multiple functions and advantages.(1)The fiber network provided by PRF binds the entire bone scaffold together,thereby shaping the bone grafts and maintaining the space of the defect area.(2)The sustained release of BMP-2 from bone graft promoted bone regeneration continuously.(3)AGM recruited bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)and promote their proliferation,migration,and osteogenic differentiation.Thus,AGM developed in this study can improve osteogenesis,and provide new guidance for the development of clinical bone grafts.

Mechanical sensor PDLIM5 promotes the osteogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells through microfilament alterations

Bone regeneration is a multifaceted,abstract,and wellcoordinated physiological progression of bone formation that participates in continuous regeneration and remodeling throughout life.However,when it comes to complex clinical situations requiring extensive bone regeneration,such as massive bone defects caused by injuries,infection,or tumor removal,traditional methods do not often yield good treatment strategies or protocols due to their limitations.

Benefits and limitations of biochar for climate-smart agriculture:a review and case study from China

Biochar has gained significant attention in agricultural and environmental research over the last two decades.This comprehensive review evaluates the effects of biochar on soil organic carbon(SOC),emission of non-CO_(2) greenhouse gases,and crop yield,including related mechanisms and major influencing factors.The impacts of biochar on SOC,methane and nitrous oxide emissions,and crop yield are controlled by biochar and soil properties and management practices.High-temperature biochar produced from lignin-rich feedstocks may decrease methane and nitrous oxide emissions in acidic soils and strengthen long-term carbon sequestration due to its stable aromatic structure.In contrast,low-temperature biochar from manure may increase crop yield in low-fertility soils.Applying biochar to farmlands in China can increase SOC content by 1.9 Pg C and reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions by 25 and 20 Mt CO_(2)-eq year^(−1),respectively,while increasing crop yields by 19%.Despite the increasing evidence of the positive effects of biochar,future research needs to explore the potential factors that could weaken or hinder its capacity to address climate change and secure crop production.We conclude that biochar is not a universal solution for global cropland;however,targeted applications in fields,landscapes,or regional scales,especially in low fertility and sandy soils,could realize the benefits of biochar as a climate-smart measure.

Divergent effects of biochar amendment and replacing mineral fertilizer with manure on soil respiration in a subtropical tea plantation

Applying biochar amendment and manure in tea plantation ecosystems can diminish soil acidification and degradation.However,the impact of these practices on soil respiration and associated mechanisms remains unclear.In this study,we combined a two-year field experiment and laboratory analyses based on soil properties,functional genes,and microbial co-occurrence networks to explore the determinants of soil respiration intensity in a subtropical tea plantation with biochar amendment and manure application.The results showed that the effect of biochar amendment on soil respiration was unconspicuous.Although biochar amendment increased bacterial richness and Shannon index,biochar amendment did not alter the abundance of species associated with C-cycling functional genes.Besides directly adding recalcitrant C to the soil,biochar also indirectly enhanced C sequestration by weakly increasing soil carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions.However,replacing mineral fertilizer with manure significantly stimulated soil respiration in the tea plantation,resulting in a 36%increase in CO_(2) emissions over two years.The increase in CO_(2) emissions under the manure treatment was mainly attributed to the increased soil labile C pool,the activity of hydrolytic enzymes(e.g.,cellobiohydrolase and acetylglucosaminidase),and the relative abundance of functional genes associated with the C-cycle.This may also be related to the application of manure that increased the abundance of Gemmatimonadetes and altered ecological clusters in bacterial co-occurrence networks.Our correlation network analysis suggested that Gemmatimonadetes might be the potential hosts for C-cycling genes due to their strong positive correlation with the abundance of C-cycling genes.Overall,these findings provide new insights into soil respiration under biochar amendment and manure application in tea plantations and broaden the options for carbon sequestration in soils.

ELP3 stabilizes c-Myc to promote tumorigenesis

ELP3,the catalytic subunit of the Elongator complex,is an acetyltransferase and associated with tumor progression.However,the detail of ELP3 oncogenic function remains largely unclear.Here,we found that ELP3 stabilizes c-Myc to promote tumorigenesis in an acetyltransferase-independent manner.Mechanistically,ELP3 competes with the E3-ligase FBXW7βfor c-Myc binding,resulting in the inhibition of FBXW7β-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of c-Myc.ELP3 knockdown diminishes glycolysis and glutaminolysis and dramatically retards cell proliferation and xenograft growth by downregulating c-Myc,and such effects are rescued by the reconstitution of c-Myc expression.Moreover,ELP3 and c-Myc were found overexpressed with a positive correlation in colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma.Taken together,we elucidate a new function of ELP3 in promoting tumorigenesis by stabilizing c-Myc,suggesting that inhibition of ELP3 is a potential strategy for treating c-Myc-driven carcinomas.

GASEOUS REACTIVE NITROGEN LOSSES FROM ORCHARDS,VEGETABLES AND TEA PLANTATIONS

Nitrogen fertilizer application has accelerated the agricultural soil N cycle while ensuring food security.Gaseous reactive N emissions from orchards,vegetables and tea plantations(OVT)are less understood than those from cereal crops.This paper presents a compilation of data on soil ammonia,nitrous oxide,and nitric oxide emissions from 1454 OVT systems at 184 unique experimental locations worldwide aiming to investigate their emission characteristics,emission factors(EF),and contribution to total farmland emissions.NH_(3)and N_(2)O emissions from orchards and N_(2)O and NO emissions from vegetable production were significantly higher in China than in the rest of the world,regardless of fertilizer application,while N_(2)O emissions from tea plantations were lower than for vegetables.The EF of NH_(3)for vegetables was close to the global mean value with urea application but significantly higher than that of orchards.The EF of N_(2)O in orchards and vegetables was comparable to the global median value,while in tea plantations,the value was 2.3 times higher than the global median value.Current estimates suggest that direct emissions of NH_(3),N_(2)O,and NO from OVT systems are equivalent to approximately a quarter,two thirds and a half of the total farmland in China,respectively.Future research needs to strengthen observational field studies in establishing standard sampling methods for gaseous N emissions and implementing knowledge-based management measures to help achieve the green development of agriculture.