The expression of TRPA1 mRNA in the rat brain

Objective： To investigate the distribution of TRPA1 （one kind of the TRP-like ion channel family） channel in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rat. Methods： RT-PCR was used to amplify the fragment of TRPA1 in the DRG （dorsal root ganglion）, hippocampus and cerebral cortex of adult SD rat. In situ hybridization staining was used to show the distribution of TRPA1 mRNA in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of adult rat brain. Results： Both RT-PCR and in situ hybridization staining showed that TRPA1 mRNA was expressed in hippocampus and cerebral cortex of the adult rat brain. Conclusion： Our results suggest that there is expression of TRPA1 mRNA both in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of the adult rat brain.

Rare cavernous lymphangioma of the bladder in an adult female: treatment and review of the literature

Objective： Lymphangioma is a benign tumor representing a congenital malformation of the lymphatic channels. The cavernous lymphangioma of the bladder did not report before. Here we report 1 case of cavernous lymphangioma of the bladder in an adult female and review the literature in order to accumulate the experience of diagnosis and treatment for these diseases. Methods： In our case a 50-year-old woman presented with irritative voiding symptoms and had painless macroscopic hematuria at times. Cystoscopy showed a non-papillary tumor at apex vesicae and mucous membrane hyperaemia between the two orifices within the trigone. The pathologic diagnosis was cystitis glandularis with hyperplasia of urothelium and cavernous lymphangioma in lamina propria. Transurethral resection was performed and then bleomycin A5 was injected into lesion multipoint applying ureteral catheter with puncture needle. Results： Two months after operation the irritative voiding symptoms improved and the urine analysis was normal. Cystoscopy showed no residual tumor. Bleomycin A5 was injected into the lesion area again just like the operation before. All symptoms disappeared completely when the patient was examined a month later. There was no side effect after injection and no recurrence during the follow-up of 1 year. Conclusion： Lymphangioma of the bladder can be diagnosed exactly by cystoscopy and pathological examination. Surgery may be the best treatment. The bleomycin A5 intralesional sclerosant is also an effective therapy for the disease after surgical removal.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis to accelerate electrocatalytic system innovation

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)is a well-established non-destructive characterization technique for assessing the efficacy of electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems.Electrocatalytic systems based on proton exchange membrane(PEM),including PEM fuel cells and PEM water electrolyzers,play a crucial role in renewable energy conversion through electricity–hydrogen interconversion.EIS,along with its derived analysis methods—equivalent circuit model(ECM),distribution of relaxation time(DRT),and dynamic EIS(DEIS),is widely utilized to extract valuable kinetics and impedance data.The acquired information affords critical insights into processes such as mass transfer,charge transfer,and proton transfer within PEM systems.This mini review surveys the role of EIS in optimizing components and investigating operational conditions to enhance the efficiency of PEM systems.In addition,it encapsulates the principles and applications of EIS-based methods like DRT and DEIS,highlighting their potential in the practical application of PEM systems.