Optimization of Extraction Process for Total Flavonoids from Penthorum chinense Pursh and Comparison of Their Contents from Different Parts

[Objectives]This study was conducted to optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from Penthorum chinense Pursh and compare their contents from different parts.[Methods]Single factor and orthogonal experiments were designed to optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from P.chinense Pursh with the volume fraction of ethanol,the ratio of material to liquid,heating reflux extraction time and extraction times as factors,and the content of total flavonoids as the index.A verification test was carried out.The optimized extraction process was adopted to compare the contents of total flavonoids from different parts of P.chinense Pursh.[Results]The best extraction process was extracting the powder of P.chinense Pursh for 2.0 h with 20 times of 55%ethanol by reflux twice.Under this condition,the contents of total flavonoids were 3.63%,8.90%,11.28%,and 4.36%from stems,leaves,flowers and whole grass of P.chinense Pursh,respectively.[Conclusions]The process is reasonable,feasible and stable,and can effectively extract total flavonoids from P.chinense Pursh.The contents of total flavonoids from different parts of P.chinense Pursh were quite different,and the value was higher in the leaves and flowers,so the proportions of leaves and flowers should be paid attention to in the industrial processing of P.chinense Pursh.

Reprogramming of a defense signaling pathway in rough lemon and sweet orange is a critical element of the early response to‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’

Huanglongbing(HLB)in citrus infected by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus(CLas)has caused tremendous losses to the citrus industry.No resistant genotypes have been identified in citrus species or close relatives.Among citrus varieties,rough lemon(Citrus jambhiri)has been considered tolerant due to its ability to produce a healthy flush of new growth after infection.The difference between tolerance and susceptibility is often defined by the speed and intensity of a plant’s response to a pathogen,especially early defense responses.RNA-seq data were collected from three biological replicates of CLas-and mock-inoculated rough lemon and sweet orange at week 0 and 7 following infection.Functional analysis of the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)indicated that genes involved in the mitogen activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathway were highly upregulated in rough lemon.MAPK induces the transcription of WRKY and other transcription factors which potentially turn on multiple defense-related genes.A Subnetwork Enrichment Analysis further revealed different patterns of regulation of several functional categories,suggesting DEGs with different functions were subjected to reprogramming.In general,the amplitude of the expression of defense-related genes is much greater in rough lemon than in sweet orange.A quantitative disease resistance response may contribute to the durable tolerance level to HLB observed in rough lemon.