Advanced strategies for 3D-printed neural scaffolds:materials,structure,and nerve remodeling

Nerve regeneration holds significant potential in the treatment of various skeletal and neurological disorders to restore lost sensory and motor functions.The potential of nerve regeneration in ameliorating neurological diseases and injuries is critical to human health.Three-dimensional(3D)printing offers versatility and precision in the fabrication of neural scaffolds.Complex neural structures such as neural tubes and scaffolds can be fabricated via 3Dprinting.This reviewcomprehensively analyzes the current state of 3D-printed neural scaffolds and explores strategies to enhance their design.It highlights therapeutic strategies and structural design involving neural materials and stem cells.First,nerve regeneration materials and their fabrication techniques are outlined.The applications of conductive materials in neural scaffolds are reviewed,and their potential to facilitate neural signal transmission and regeneration is highlighted.Second,the progress in 3D-printed neural scaffolds applied to the peripheral and central nerves is comprehensively evaluated,and their potential to restore neural function and promote the recovery of different nervous systems is emphasized.In addition,various applications of 3D-printed neural scaffolds in peripheral and neurological diseases,as well as the design strategies of multifunctional biomimetic scaffolds,are discussed.

The Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatiotemporal Clustering of Measles—China,2005-2022

Introduction:In recent years,the incidence of measles in China has consistently remained below 1 per 100,000 population,yet the disease has not been eliminated.This study aims to comprehensively analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles from 2005 to 2022,identify high-risk populations and areas,and propose targeted interventions.Methods:We utilized data from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System for our comprehensive analysis.Spatial autocorrelation was employed to examine the spatial clustering of measles,while spatiotemporal scanning analysis was used to detect spatiotemporal clustering to describe measles epidemiology during the study period.Results:Between 2005 and 2022,732,218 measles cases were reported in China.Overall,the incidence of measles exhibited a downward trend,particularly during the periods of 2008-2011 and 2015-2022.In 2022,the incidence rate reached its historical low at 0.039 per 100,000 population.Measles predominantly affects young children.Since 2017,global spatial clustering has diminished,although hotspot areas persist in the western provinces.Spatial-temporal scanning identified a high-incidence cluster from 2005 to 2008,comprising 15 provinces in the western,central,and northern regions of China.Conversely,from 2016 to 2022,a low-incidence cluster was detected in the southern and central provinces.Conclusions:China has made significant progress in measles prevention and control.The recent low incidence and absence of substantial spatiotemporal clustering indicate that China is nearing measles elimination.However,there is a continuing need to enhance prevention and control efforts among very young children and in historic incidence hotspots in western provinces.Additionally,improving the diagnosis of vaccine-associated rash illnesses is essential.

Exposing vertebral artery from lateral to medial under the guide of peri-vertebral artery fat pad in far lateral approach

Far lateral approach(FLA),together with its modified approaches,is a fundamental surgical approach for surgical resection of lesions located at the ventral or ventrolateral side of the foramen magnum.[1,2,3,4,5]The key procedure in FLA is exposing the vertebral artery(VA)especially the V3 segment.[1,5,6]When performing an FLA,most neurosurgeons choose to expose the suboccipital triangle(formed by the rectus capitis posterior major,the superior oblique,and the inferior oblique)as a key anatomical landmark initially and then expose the V3 segment.[1,2,5,6,7]However,on the one hand,this muscular anatomical landmarks-suboccipital triangle varies in depth,morphology,and location in different patients,which increases the risk of VA injury during surgery.[3]On the other hand,this procedure could lead to exposing difficulty due to the obstruction of overlying layers of muscles and the distribution of blood vessels,which could prolong the time for craniotomy fairly.The course of VA could vary,such as looping backward and bulge posteriorly between the lips of the suboccipital triangle,where it could be damaged if one expects it to be found in the depth of the suboccipital triangle.[3]Thus,neurosurgeons have the potential for VA injury and a rather prolonged time to successfully expose VA.