Rapid and sensitive detection of Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by chemiluminescence strips based on iron-porphyrin single atom nanozyme

The correlation between Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)infection and nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)risk has been extensively researched.The continual monitoring of EBV-IgAs provides a promising approach of NPC screening in its early stage.In this study,we successfully synthesized a single-atom nanozyme(SANzyme)through the application of iron-porphyrin based metal organic framework(MOF-FeP).The MOF-FeP possesses precisely-defined electronic and geometric structures that accurately mimic highly-evolved catalytic site of natural peroxidase.The peroxidase-like activity of MOF-FeP enables it to catalyze the chemiluminescence of luminol substrate.By integrating MOF-FeP into a traditional strip,we created a rapid and highly-sensitive evaluation tool for detecting EBV-IgAs.Importantly,the MOF-FeP strip enables the simultaneous detection of three EBV-IgAs,greatly improving the accuracy of EBV-associated NPC screening.The sensitivities of the MOF-FeP strip(75.56%–93.30%)surpass those of current enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)methods(64.44%–82.22%).This test takes only 16 min to perform as opposed to the customary 1–2 h required for standard ELISA.Additionally,the MOF-FeP strip is suitable for whole blood samples,thereby significantly simplifying the sample preparation and detection process.In conclusion,the MOF-FeP strip combines the simplicity of traditional strip with the high catalytic activity of SANzyme.Our innovative MOF-FeP strip offers a new point-of-care strategy for EBV-IgAs detection,which is expected to markedly facilitate early screening for EBV-associated diseases.

Functional Superoxide Dismutase Mimics Become Diverse: From Simple Compounds on Prebiotic Earth to Nanozymes

Inorganic solids with enzyme-like activity are promising to overcome many restrictions of native enzymes in application.Especially attractive are nanoparticles with superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity,due to their ability to reduce the damaging properties of reactive oxygen species within cells and organism.This review discusses the necessary requirements for nanoparticles to have SOD activity and reveals a close relationship between catalysis on prebiotic earth and the recent SOD mimics.This review also aims to highlight the progress in the development of SOD mimicking nanoparticles.We give a broad overview of nanoparticles with SOD activity,based on their material make-up,to underline their increasing diversity.

纳米酶

纳米酶(Nanozymes)是由我国科学家首次提出的新概念,它是一类具有生物催化功能的纳米材料,能够基于特定的纳米结构催化天然酶的底物并作为酶的代替品。自2007年首次报道以来,全球已有来自于55个国家的420多个研究机构证实了纳米酶的普遍规律。纳米酶的发现第一次揭示纳米材料蕴含一种独特的纳米效应———类酶催化效应。纳米酶作为一种新材料,既有纳米材料本身的理化性质,又有类似酶的催化功能,兼具天然酶与人工酶的优势于一身。其中,纳米结构不仅赋予纳米酶高效催化功能,而且使纳米酶比天然酶稳定,易于规模化生产。另外,纳米酶独特的多酶活性将为设计廉价、稳定、各种各样全新的催化级联反应提供功能分子。纳米酶是多学科交叉融合的典范,2022年被IUPAC评为十大化学新兴技术。在全球从事化学、酶学、材料学、生物学、医学、理论计算等多领域科学家的共同推进下,如今纳米酶已经成为新的研究热点。我国科学家在这一新兴领域一直发挥着引领作用,解析了纳米酶的构⁃效关系,将其催化活性提高了约1万倍,实现了超越天然酶的理性设计,创造了全球首个纳米酶产品,出版了纳米酶学英文专著,发布纳米酶术语及中国/国际标准化。更可喜的是,纳米酶新领域汇集了一大批多学科交叉融合的优秀青年科学家,推动纳米酶进入高速发展阶段,纳米酶的种类已经超过1200多种,其催化机制研究也更加深入,应用研究也从当初的检测逐步拓展到纳米酶催化医学、传感检测、绿色合成、新能源、环境治理等多个领域。本文向读者介绍纳米酶自发现以来的主要进展,包括最近发现的天然纳米酶,期待纳米酶从新概念、新材料衍生出新技术、新产品、新商品,服务人类健康,并带动新学科发展。

The ex vivo and in vivo biological performances of graphene oxide and the impact of surfactant on graphene oxide's biocompatibility

Graphene oxide(GO)displays promising properties for biomedical applications including drug delivery and cancer therapeutics.However,GO exposure also raises safety concerns such as potential side effects on health.Here,the biological effects of GO suspended in phosphate buffered saline(PBS)with or without 1% nonionic surfactant Tween 80 were investigated.Based on the ex vivo experiments,Tween 80 significantly affected the interaction between GO and peripheral blood from mice.GO suspension in PBS tended to provoke the aggregation of diluted blood cells,which could be prevented by the addition of Tween 80.After intravenous administration,GO suspension with or without 1% Tween 80 was quickly eliminated by the mononuclear phagocyte system.Nevertheless,GO suspension without Tween 80 showed greater accumulation in lungs than that containing 1% Tween 80.In contrast,less GO was found in livers for GO suspension compared to Tween 80 assisted GO suspension.Organs including hearts,livers,lungs,spleens,kidneys,brains,and testes did not reveal histological alterations.The indexes of peripheral blood showed no change upon GO exposure.Our results together demonstrated that Tween 80 could greatly alter GO's biological performance and determine the pattern of its biodistribution in mice.

Bioengineered magnetoferritin nanozymes for pathological identification of high-risk and ruptured atherosclerotic plaques in humans

Atherosclerotic plaque rupture results in thrombus formation and vessel occlusion, and is the leading cause of death worldwide. There is a pressi ng need to identify plaque vuln erability for the treatment of carotid and coronary artery diseases. Nano materials with en zyme-like properties have attracted significant interest by providing biological, diagnostic and prognostic information about the diseases. Here we showed that bioe ngin eered mag netoferritin nan oparticles (M-HFn NPs) functionally mimic peroxidase en zyme and can intrin sically recog nize plaque-infiltrated active macrophages, which drive atherosclerotic plaque progression and rupture and are significantly associated with the plaque vulnerability. The M-HFn nanozymes catalyze the oxidation of colorimetric substrates to give a color reaction that visualizes the recognized active macrophages for one-step pathological identification of plaque vulnerability. We examined 50 carotid endarterectomy specimens from patients with symptomatic carotid disease and demonstrated that the M-HFn nanozymes could distinguish active macrophage infiltration in ruptured and high-risk plaque tissues, and M-HFn staining displayed a significant correlation with plaque vulnerability (r= 0.89, P< 0.0001).

Ferritin nanocages for early theranostics of tumors via inflammation-enhanced active targeting

Engineered nanocarriers have been widely developed for tumor theranostics.However,the delivery of imaging probes or therapeutic drugs to the tumor pre-formation site for early and accurate detection and therapy remains a major challenge.Here,by using tailor-functionalized human H-ferritin(HFn),we developed a triple-modality nanoprobe IRdye800-M-HFn and achieved the early imaging of tumor cells before the formation of solid tumor tissues.Then,we developed an HFn-doxorubicin(Dox)drug delivery system by loading Dox into the HFn protein cage and achieved early-stage tumor therapy.The intravenous injection of HFn nanoprobes enabled the imaging of tumor cells as early as two days after tumor implantation,and the triple-modality imaging techniques,namely,near-infrared fluorescence molecular imaging(NIR-FMI),magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),and photoacoustic imaging(PAI),ensured the accuracy of detection.Further exploration indicated that HFn could specifically penetrate into pre-solid tumor sites by tumor-associated inflammation-mediated blood vessel leakage,followed by effective accumulation in tumor cells by the specific targeting property of HFn to transferrin receptor 1.Thus,the HFn-Dox drug delivery system delivered Dox into the tumor pre-formation site and effectively killed tumor cells at early stage.IRDye800-M-HFn nanoprobes and HFn-Dox provide promising strategies for early-stage tumor diagnosis and constructive implications for early-stage tumor treatment.

Nanozyme:A promising tool from clinical diagnosis and environmental monitoring to wastewater treatment

Natural enzymes,owing to their outstanding catalytic efficiency and substrate specificity,have been used in a variety of applications including clinical diagnosis,environmental monitoring and wastewater treatment.However,they face inevitable problems such as relatively high cost and lack of stability,dramatically hindering their practical applications in the industry.Recently,a class of nanomaterial that possesses intrinsic enzyme-like properties,nanozyme,has emerged exhibiting numerous advantages over its natural counterpart and has been used as a viable enzyme alternative.In the past decade there are many reviews on nanozyme.The previous discussions tend to view nanozyme as a type of nanomaterial rather than an enzyme.However,it is the enzyme-like activity of nanozymes that provides foundation for their application and nanozymes with the same enzymatic activity usually have some regularity in application.Herein,in this review,we attempt to classify nanozymes by their enzyme-like activity to explain the application principle and relevant cases of nanozymes in clinical diagnosis,environmental monitoring and wastewater treatment,expecting to promote deeper thinking of nanozymes as enzyme mimics and provide useful guidance for future research.