Rice DENSE AND ERECT PANICLE 2 is essential for determining panicle outgrowth and elongation

包括谷物尺寸和圆锥花序形态学，圆锥花序的建筑学直接决定谷物产量。圆锥花序直立，为在中国的北部分完成理想的植物建筑学被选择，引起了米饭 breeders 的增加的注意。这里，稠密、直立的圆锥花序 2 (dep2 ) 异种，显示出稠密、直立的圆锥花序显型，被识别。没有任何已知的功能的领域， DEP2 编码植物特定的蛋白质。表示介绍 DEP2 表明它高度在年轻纸巾被表示，与在年轻圆锥花序的大多数丰富。词法并且表示分析显示在 DEP2 的那个变化主要影响脊柱和主要、第二等的分支的快速的延伸，但是不损害圆锥花序 primordia 的开始或形成。进一步的分析建议在 dep2 的圆锥花序长度的减少被一个缺点在圆锥花序的指数的延伸期间在房间增长引起。尽管有在 dep2 异种的一种更紧缩的植物类型，在谷物生产的重要改变都没在野类型和 dep2 异种之间被发现。因此， DEP2 的学习不仅加强我们圆锥花序建筑学的分子的基因基础的理解而且为米饭繁殖有重要含意。

Exploration of rice yield potential: Decoding agronomic and physiological traits

Rice grain yield is determined by three major"visible"morphological traits:grain weight,grain number per panicle,and effective tiller number,which are affected by a series of"invisible"physiological factors including nutrient use efficiency and photosynthetic efficiency.In the past few decades,substantial progress has been made on elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying grain yield formation,laying a solid foundation for improving rice yield by molecular breeding.This review outlines our current understanding of the three morphological yield-determining components and summarizes major progress in decoding physiological traits such as nutrient use efficiency and photosynthetic efficiency.It also discusses the integration of current knowledge about yield formation and crop improvement strategies including genome editing with conventional and molecular breeding.

An activated form of NB-ARC protein RLS1 functions with cysteine-rich receptor-like protein RMC to trigger cell death in rice

A key event that follows pathogen recognition by a resistance(R)protein containing an NB-ARC(nucleotide-binding adaptor shared by Apaf-1,R proteins,and Ced-4)domain is hypersensitive response(HR)-type cell death accompanied by accumulation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide.However,the integral mechanisms that underlie this process remain relatively opaque.Here,we show that a gain-offunction mutation in the NB-ARC protein RLS1(Rapid Leaf Senescence 1)triggers high-light-dependent HR-like cell death in rice.The RLS1-mediated defense response is largely independent of salicylic acid accumulation,NPR1(Nonexpressor of Pathogenesis-Related Gene 1)activity,and RAR1(Required for Mla12 Resistance 1)function.A screen for suppressors of RLS1 activation identified RMC(Root Meander Curling)as essential for the RLS1-activated defense response.RMC encodes a cysteine-rich receptor-like secreted protein(CRRSP)and functions as an RLS1-binding partner.Intriguingly,their co-expression resulted in a change in the pattern of subcellular localization and was sufficient to trigger cell death accompanied by a decrease in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme APX1.Collectively,our findings reveal an NBARC-CRRSP signaling module that modulates oxidative state,the cell death process,and associated immunity responses in rice.

RLINl,encoding a putative coproporphyrinogen Ⅲ oxidase,is involved in lesion initiation in rice

Lesion mimic is necrotic lesions on plant leaf or stem in the absence of pathogenic infection, and its exact biological mechanism is varied. By a large-scale screening of our T-DNA mutant population, we identified a mutant rice lesion initiation 1 （rlin1）, which was controlled by a single nuclear recessive gene. Map-based cloning revealed that RLIN1 encoded a putative coproporphyrinogen Ⅲ oxidase in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway. Sequencing results showed that a G to T substitution occurred in the second exon of RLIN1 and led to a missense mutation from Asp to Tyr. Ectopic expression of RLIN1 could rescue rlin1 lesion mimic phenotype. Histochemical analysis demonstrated that lesion formation in rlin1 was light-dependent accompanied by reactive oxygen species accumulated. These results suggest that tetrapyrrole participates in lesion formation in rice.

Molecular analysis of rice plants harboring a multi-functional T-DNA tagging system

About 25,000 rice T-DNA insertional mutant lines were generated using the vector pCAS04 which has both promoter-trapping and activation-tagging function. Southern blot analysis revealed that about 40% of these mutants were single copy integration and the average T-DNA insertion number was 2.28. By extensive phenotyping in the field, quite a number of agronomically important mutants were obtained. Histochemical GUS assay with 4,310 primary mutants revealed that the GUS-staining frequency was higher than that of the previous reports in various tissues and especially high in flowers. The T-DNA flanking sequences of some mutants were isolated and the T-DNA insertion sites were mapped to the rice genome. The flanking sequence analysis demonstrated the different integration pattern of the right border and left border into rice genome. Compared with Arabidopsis and poplar, it is much varied in the T-DNA border junctions in rice.

Significant Improvement of Cotton Verticillium Wilt Resistance by Manipulating the Expression of Gastrodia Anlffungal Proteins

Dear Editor Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. is the most destructive disease in cotton-growing areas around the world. The infection significantly reduces cotton yield and fiber quality due to leaf chlorosis, necrosis or wilting, leaf or boll abscission, and even plant death. The losses may reach up to 80% of lint cotton yield （Wei et al., 2015）.