This pilot study documented the occurrence and levels of brominated flame retardants in the tissues of farmed and wild salmon in southern Chile.Samples of Coho salmon and rainbow trout were obtained from fish farms,ri...This pilot study documented the occurrence and levels of brominated flame retardants in the tissues of farmed and wild salmon in southern Chile.Samples of Coho salmon and rainbow trout were obtained from fish farms,rivers and lakes in the Patagonia in Aysen Region,Chile.The samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the different polybrominated diphenyl ether（PBDE） congeners.Contaminants were observed in all the samples,and the congeners BDE 17,28,47 and 66 were observed in all both farmed and wild samples.The concentrations were higher in the farmed Coho salmon,presenting significant differences with wild salmon.The levels reached 182 pg/g wet weight（ww） vs.120 ww.In the case of the rainbow trout,the concentrations were lower,although the congener profile was quite similar.The levels reached an average of 100 pg/g ww in the farmed fish versus 110 pg/g ww in wild fish,and no significant difference was observed between the species.In both species,the congener with the highest concentration was BDE 47.Based on this information,the BDE ？ow was estimated for commerce,which is a form of pollutant transport not usually considered in POP pollution studies.A preliminary estimation indicated that the quantity of PBDEs mobilized by commerce was in the order of kg,and in the case of Chile might reach almost 1 kg.展开更多
Exposure to disinfection by-products（DBP） such as trihalomethanes（THM） in swimming pools has been linked to adverse health effects in humans, but their biological mechanisms are unclear. We evaluated short-term ch...Exposure to disinfection by-products（DBP） such as trihalomethanes（THM） in swimming pools has been linked to adverse health effects in humans, but their biological mechanisms are unclear. We evaluated short-term changes in blood gene expression of adult recreational swimmers after swimming in a chlorinated pool. Volunteers swam 40 min in an indoor chlorinated pool. Blood samples were drawn and four THM（chloroform,bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform） were measured in exhaled breath before and after swimming. Intensity of physical activity was measured as metabolic equivalents（METs）. Gene expression in whole blood m RNA was evaluated using Illumina Human HT-12v3 Expression-Bead Chip. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate the relationship between gene expression changes and THM exposure. Thirty-seven before-after pairs were analyzed. The median increase from baseline to after swimming were： 0.7 to 2.3 for MET, and 1.4 to 7.1 μg/m^3 for exhaled total THM（sum of the four THM）.Exhaled THM increased on average 0.94 μg/m^3 per 1 MET. While 1643 probes were differentially expressed post-exposure. Of them, 189 were also associated with exhaled levels of individual/total THM or MET after False Discovery Rate. The observed associations with the exhaled THM were low to moderate（Log-fold change range：-0.17 to 0.15）. In conclusion, we identified short-term gene expression changes associated with swimming in a pool that were minor in magnitude and their biological meaning was unspecific. The high collinearity between exhaled THM levels and intensity of physical activity precluded mutually adjusted models with both covariates. These exploratory results should be validated in future studies.展开更多
This study assessed air quality indicators before and after enactment of the Spanish anti-smoking law. Mass and number concentrations and the chemical composition of particles were evaluated. Microscopy analyses were ...This study assessed air quality indicators before and after enactment of the Spanish anti-smoking law. Mass and number concentrations and the chemical composition of particles were evaluated. Microscopy analyses were also conducted. Real time concentrations of PMlo, PM2.s, PM1 and ultrafine particles were measured under ventilated and non-ventilated conditions and PMlo samples were collected for detailed inorganic and organic chemical characterization. Before enactment of the law in 2010, tobacco smoke produced significant indoor ambient particulate matter pollution, with elevated particulate matter mass concentrations （PM10 and PM1 concentrations of 122-220 and 48-85 Dg/m3, respectively） and ultrafine particle numbers （75,000 and 48,000 cm ~ under ventilated and non-ventilated conditions, respectively）. Typical tobacco smoke tracers including iso- and anteiso-alkanes and elements including La and Ce from the ignition of lighters were abundant. Additionally, several toxic substances derived from tobacco smoke, including Cd （3.1 ng/m3） and benzo[a]pyrene （1.0 ng/m3） were present at concentrations approximately 10 times greater than those measured after enactment of the anti-smoking law. The anti-smoking law sig- nificantly reduced exposure to potentially toxic compounds by approximately 90%. This law is expected to have a positive health impact, particularly for people who spend considerable time in affected envi- ronments, such as employees.展开更多
基金supported by Fondecyt No. 1080294 and Fondecyt 1110719 (R Barra)
文摘This pilot study documented the occurrence and levels of brominated flame retardants in the tissues of farmed and wild salmon in southern Chile.Samples of Coho salmon and rainbow trout were obtained from fish farms,rivers and lakes in the Patagonia in Aysen Region,Chile.The samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the different polybrominated diphenyl ether（PBDE） congeners.Contaminants were observed in all the samples,and the congeners BDE 17,28,47 and 66 were observed in all both farmed and wild samples.The concentrations were higher in the farmed Coho salmon,presenting significant differences with wild salmon.The levels reached 182 pg/g wet weight（ww） vs.120 ww.In the case of the rainbow trout,the concentrations were lower,although the congener profile was quite similar.The levels reached an average of 100 pg/g ww in the farmed fish versus 110 pg/g ww in wild fish,and no significant difference was observed between the species.In both species,the congener with the highest concentration was BDE 47.Based on this information,the BDE ？ow was estimated for commerce,which is a form of pollutant transport not usually considered in POP pollution studies.A preliminary estimation indicated that the quantity of PBDEs mobilized by commerce was in the order of kg,and in the case of Chile might reach almost 1 kg.
基金funded by the projects SAF2005-07643-C03-01/02/03 and SAF2007-62719 by Spanish Health Ministry grantsby FIS CP06/00341, FI06/00651 and CP01/3058 from the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS), Ministerio de Sanidad+3 种基金from the Plan Nacional, Ministerio de Educación y Cienciasupported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos Ⅲ (CP06/00341)supported by a predoctoral fellowship (FI06/00651) from the Spanish Health Ministrysupported by a Colciencias International PhD Scholarship (Grant: 529/2011),from the Fund for science and technology of Colombian Ministry of Education
文摘Exposure to disinfection by-products（DBP） such as trihalomethanes（THM） in swimming pools has been linked to adverse health effects in humans, but their biological mechanisms are unclear. We evaluated short-term changes in blood gene expression of adult recreational swimmers after swimming in a chlorinated pool. Volunteers swam 40 min in an indoor chlorinated pool. Blood samples were drawn and four THM（chloroform,bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform） were measured in exhaled breath before and after swimming. Intensity of physical activity was measured as metabolic equivalents（METs）. Gene expression in whole blood m RNA was evaluated using Illumina Human HT-12v3 Expression-Bead Chip. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate the relationship between gene expression changes and THM exposure. Thirty-seven before-after pairs were analyzed. The median increase from baseline to after swimming were： 0.7 to 2.3 for MET, and 1.4 to 7.1 μg/m^3 for exhaled total THM（sum of the four THM）.Exhaled THM increased on average 0.94 μg/m^3 per 1 MET. While 1643 probes were differentially expressed post-exposure. Of them, 189 were also associated with exhaled levels of individual/total THM or MET after False Discovery Rate. The observed associations with the exhaled THM were low to moderate（Log-fold change range：-0.17 to 0.15）. In conclusion, we identified short-term gene expression changes associated with swimming in a pool that were minor in magnitude and their biological meaning was unspecific. The high collinearity between exhaled THM levels and intensity of physical activity precluded mutually adjusted models with both covariates. These exploratory results should be validated in future studies.
基金supported by research projects from the Spanish Ministry of Environmentthe Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation(MICINN,CGL2010-19464-E/CLI)
文摘This study assessed air quality indicators before and after enactment of the Spanish anti-smoking law. Mass and number concentrations and the chemical composition of particles were evaluated. Microscopy analyses were also conducted. Real time concentrations of PMlo, PM2.s, PM1 and ultrafine particles were measured under ventilated and non-ventilated conditions and PMlo samples were collected for detailed inorganic and organic chemical characterization. Before enactment of the law in 2010, tobacco smoke produced significant indoor ambient particulate matter pollution, with elevated particulate matter mass concentrations （PM10 and PM1 concentrations of 122-220 and 48-85 Dg/m3, respectively） and ultrafine particle numbers （75,000 and 48,000 cm ~ under ventilated and non-ventilated conditions, respectively）. Typical tobacco smoke tracers including iso- and anteiso-alkanes and elements including La and Ce from the ignition of lighters were abundant. Additionally, several toxic substances derived from tobacco smoke, including Cd （3.1 ng/m3） and benzo[a]pyrene （1.0 ng/m3） were present at concentrations approximately 10 times greater than those measured after enactment of the anti-smoking law. The anti-smoking law sig- nificantly reduced exposure to potentially toxic compounds by approximately 90%. This law is expected to have a positive health impact, particularly for people who spend considerable time in affected envi- ronments, such as employees.
