Day length constrains the time budget of aphid predators

Phenology shifts and range expansions cause organisms to experience novel day length-temperature correlations.Depending on the temporal niche,organisms may benefit or suffer from changes in day length,thus potentially affecting phenological adaptation. We assessed the impact of day length changes on larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) and Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer),both of which prey on aphids.Larvae ofE.balteatus are night-active,whereas those of C.carnea appear to be crepuscular.We subjected both species in climate chambers to day lengths of 16 :8 L :D and,to circumvent diapause responses,20 :4 L :D.We recorded development times and predation rates of both species. E.balteatus grew 13%faster in the 16 :8 L :D treatment and preyed on significantly more aphids.In contrast,C.carnea grew 13% faster in the 20 :4 L :D treatment and higher predation rates in 20 :4 L :D were marginally significant.Our results show that day length affects development and predation,but that the direction depends on species. Such differences in the use of day length may alter the efficiency ofbiocontrol agents in a changing climate.

Effects of grassland management, endophytic fungi and predators on aphid abundance in two distinct regions

Aims Fungal endophytes of cool-season grass species produce alkaloids toxic to herbivores,affecting food webs in agricultural and natural ecosystems.Field studies about the effects of endophytes on herbi-vores are rare and show contradictory results,leading to uncertain conclusions about the nature of endophyte-grass symbiosis.We asked whether the environmental contexts of local and regional scales and predation could modify the effects of endophytes on herbivores.Methods In a full factorial field experiment,we quantified the abundance of the aphid species Rhopalosiphum padi on the potted host grass Lolium perenne,which was either infected or uninfected with the endophytic fungus Neotyphodium lolii.Predators were either excluded or had free access to the pots with the aphids.One hun-dred and sixty grass pots were located in two regions on altogether 40 grassland sites,half of the sites intensively and half extensively managed.We tested the importance of endophyte infection,study region,management intensity of grasslands,predation and all two-way interactions on aphid abundance.Important Findings Endophyte infection reduced aphid abundance significantly in one study region only.In both regions,we found that the impacts of aphidophagous predators and grassland management intensity on aphid abundance were substantially stronger and more consistent than that of endophytes on aphid abundance.Pots excluding preda-tors and pots placed on extensive grasslands contained higher aphid abundance.The impact of predators and management on aphid abundance were not modified by the endophyte.We conclude that the effect of endophytes on herbivores can be weak in field experi-ments and depends on environmental context at a regional scale.Hence,more field research efforts are necessary to detect the rela-tive importance of endophytes and the environmental context on biotic interactions in ecosystems.