The electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR),driven by renewable energy,provides a potential carbon-neutral avenue to convert CO_(2)into valuable fuels and feedstocks.Conversion of CO_(2)into formic acid/for...The electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR),driven by renewable energy,provides a potential carbon-neutral avenue to convert CO_(2)into valuable fuels and feedstocks.Conversion of CO_(2)into formic acid/formate is considered one of the economical and feasible methods,owing to their high energy densities,and ease of distribution and storage.The separation of formic acid/formate from the reaction mixtures accounts for the majority of the overall CO_(2)RR process cost,while the increment of product concentration can lead to the reduction of separation cost,remarkably.In this paper,we give an overview of recent strategies for highly concentrated formic acid/formate products in CO_(2)RR.CO_(2)RR is a complex process with several different products,as it has different intermediates and reaction pathways.Therefore,this review focuses on recent study strategies that can enhance targeted formic acid/formate yield,such as the all-solid-state reactor design to deliver a high concentration of products during the reduction of CO_(2)in the electrolyzer.Firstly,some novel electrolyzers are introduced as an engineering strategy to improve the concentration of the formic acid/formate and reduce the cost of downstream separations.Also,the design of planar and gas diffusion electrodes(GDEs)with the potential to deliver high-concentration formic acid/formate in CO_(2)RR is summarized.Finally,the existing technological challenges are highlighted,and further research recommendations to achieve high-concentration products in CO_(2)RR.This review can provide some inspiration for future research to further improve the product concentration and economic benefits of CO_(2)RR.展开更多
We have examined primary tumor sections from melanoma patients by immunohistochmistry (IHC) for the presence of the odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (ODAM). Within these patient tissues we have observed a cor...We have examined primary tumor sections from melanoma patients by immunohistochmistry (IHC) for the presence of the odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (ODAM). Within these patient tissues we have observed a correlation of nuclear ODAM staining in the primary tumors with sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis. Surgically, SLN invasion in melanoma is considered an important indicator of more aggressive, invasive melanoma and to date there are limited biomarkers which strongly correlate with metastatic disease. The observation that ODAM staining in melanoma associates with SLN invasion may have important prognostic implications which could assist in the management of melanoma. Notably, ODAM expression may correlate with pathway-signaling we have previously reported to be affected by ectopic ODAM expression in cultured melanoma and breast cancer cell lines.展开更多
基金support by the University of Southern Queensland(USQ)and Australian Research Council(ARC)Discovery Project DP190101782funded through Future Fellowship FT220100166 and Laureate Fellowship FL170100086 by the Australian Research Council(ARC).
文摘The electrochemical CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR),driven by renewable energy,provides a potential carbon-neutral avenue to convert CO_(2)into valuable fuels and feedstocks.Conversion of CO_(2)into formic acid/formate is considered one of the economical and feasible methods,owing to their high energy densities,and ease of distribution and storage.The separation of formic acid/formate from the reaction mixtures accounts for the majority of the overall CO_(2)RR process cost,while the increment of product concentration can lead to the reduction of separation cost,remarkably.In this paper,we give an overview of recent strategies for highly concentrated formic acid/formate products in CO_(2)RR.CO_(2)RR is a complex process with several different products,as it has different intermediates and reaction pathways.Therefore,this review focuses on recent study strategies that can enhance targeted formic acid/formate yield,such as the all-solid-state reactor design to deliver a high concentration of products during the reduction of CO_(2)in the electrolyzer.Firstly,some novel electrolyzers are introduced as an engineering strategy to improve the concentration of the formic acid/formate and reduce the cost of downstream separations.Also,the design of planar and gas diffusion electrodes(GDEs)with the potential to deliver high-concentration formic acid/formate in CO_(2)RR is summarized.Finally,the existing technological challenges are highlighted,and further research recommendations to achieve high-concentration products in CO_(2)RR.This review can provide some inspiration for future research to further improve the product concentration and economic benefits of CO_(2)RR.
文摘We have examined primary tumor sections from melanoma patients by immunohistochmistry (IHC) for the presence of the odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (ODAM). Within these patient tissues we have observed a correlation of nuclear ODAM staining in the primary tumors with sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis. Surgically, SLN invasion in melanoma is considered an important indicator of more aggressive, invasive melanoma and to date there are limited biomarkers which strongly correlate with metastatic disease. The observation that ODAM staining in melanoma associates with SLN invasion may have important prognostic implications which could assist in the management of melanoma. Notably, ODAM expression may correlate with pathway-signaling we have previously reported to be affected by ectopic ODAM expression in cultured melanoma and breast cancer cell lines.
