Pluripotency is depicted by a self-renewing state that can competently differentiate to form the three germ layers.Different stages of early murine development can be captured on a petri dish,delineating a spectrum of...Pluripotency is depicted by a self-renewing state that can competently differentiate to form the three germ layers.Different stages of early murine development can be captured on a petri dish,delineating a spectrum of pluripotent states,ranging from embryonic stem cells,embryonic germ cells to epiblast stem cells.Anomalous cell populations displaying signs of pluripotency have also been uncovered,from the isolation of embryonic carcinoma cells to the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells.Gaining insight into the molecular circuitry within these cell types enlightens us about the significance and contribution of each stage,hence deepening our understanding of vertebrate development.In this review,we aim to describe experimental milestones that led to the understanding of embryonic development and the conception of pluripotency.We also discuss attempts at exploring the realm of pluripotency with the identification of pluripotent stem cells within mouse teratocarcinomas and embryos,and the generation of pluripotent cells through nuclear reprogramming.In conclusion,we illustrate pluripotent cells derived from other organisms,including human derivatives,and describe current paradigms in the comprehension of human pluripotency.展开更多
Nuclear reprogramming is described as a molecular switch,triggered by the conversion of one cell type to another.Several key experiments in the past century have provided insight into the field of nuclear repro-grammi...Nuclear reprogramming is described as a molecular switch,triggered by the conversion of one cell type to another.Several key experiments in the past century have provided insight into the field of nuclear repro-gramming.Previously deemed impossible,this re-search area is now brimming with new findings and developments.In this review,we aim to give a historical perspective on how the notion of nuclear reprogram-ming was established,describing main experiments that were performed,including(1)somatic cell nuclear transfer,(2)exposure to cell extracts and cell fusion,and(3)transcription factor induced lineage switch.Ultimately,we focus on(4)transcription factor induced pluripotency,as initiated by a landmark discovery in 2006,where the process of converting somatic cells to a pluripotent state was narrowed down to four tran-scription factors.The conception that somatic cells possess the capacity to revert to an immature status brings about huge clinical implications including per-sonalized therapy,drug screening and disease model-ing.Although this technology has potential to revolu-tionize the medical field,it is still impeded by technical and biological obstacles.This review describes the effervescent changes in this field,addresses bottle-necks hindering its advancement and in conclusion,applies the latest findings to overcome these issues.展开更多
文摘Pluripotency is depicted by a self-renewing state that can competently differentiate to form the three germ layers.Different stages of early murine development can be captured on a petri dish,delineating a spectrum of pluripotent states,ranging from embryonic stem cells,embryonic germ cells to epiblast stem cells.Anomalous cell populations displaying signs of pluripotency have also been uncovered,from the isolation of embryonic carcinoma cells to the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells.Gaining insight into the molecular circuitry within these cell types enlightens us about the significance and contribution of each stage,hence deepening our understanding of vertebrate development.In this review,we aim to describe experimental milestones that led to the understanding of embryonic development and the conception of pluripotency.We also discuss attempts at exploring the realm of pluripotency with the identification of pluripotent stem cells within mouse teratocarcinomas and embryos,and the generation of pluripotent cells through nuclear reprogramming.In conclusion,we illustrate pluripotent cells derived from other organisms,including human derivatives,and describe current paradigms in the comprehension of human pluripotency.
文摘Nuclear reprogramming is described as a molecular switch,triggered by the conversion of one cell type to another.Several key experiments in the past century have provided insight into the field of nuclear repro-gramming.Previously deemed impossible,this re-search area is now brimming with new findings and developments.In this review,we aim to give a historical perspective on how the notion of nuclear reprogram-ming was established,describing main experiments that were performed,including(1)somatic cell nuclear transfer,(2)exposure to cell extracts and cell fusion,and(3)transcription factor induced lineage switch.Ultimately,we focus on(4)transcription factor induced pluripotency,as initiated by a landmark discovery in 2006,where the process of converting somatic cells to a pluripotent state was narrowed down to four tran-scription factors.The conception that somatic cells possess the capacity to revert to an immature status brings about huge clinical implications including per-sonalized therapy,drug screening and disease model-ing.Although this technology has potential to revolu-tionize the medical field,it is still impeded by technical and biological obstacles.This review describes the effervescent changes in this field,addresses bottle-necks hindering its advancement and in conclusion,applies the latest findings to overcome these issues.
