Photonic Gravitational Interactions from a Quantum Point of View

A hypothesis explaining the diffraction and interference of light from a pure corpuscular point of view was published in 2018. The author developed the idea by a fortunate combination of intuition and statistics but failed to justify it theoretically. This vagueness can be amended by using relativistic invariants. Adapting Dirac’s equation to gravitational potentials acting over photons yields most of the properties of light. A complete characterization of the properties of light arriving from distant galaxies was performed by modeling the coherence of light. It was assumed that the coherence of light is generated by two orthogonal potentials. Here an idea explains the cosmological redshift data as is done by the combination of Big-Bang, acceleration, and deceleration trilogy.

Corpuscular Point of View to Explain Light’s Properties

This letter introduces a simple model to explain the Diffraction and Interference of Light. It was created using only a corpuscular point of view. The mean concept of the model introduced in this paper is that light has two independent states of polarization that oscillate with equal frequencies but with a π/2 difference of phase. This model allows the author to determine the intensity of light at any point after it exceeds no edge or any number of them.

The Implications of the Sun’s Dragging Effect on Gravitational Experiments

Experimental determinations of Newton’s gravitational constant, Big G, have increased, in number and precision, during the last 30 years. There is, however, a persistent discrepancy between various authors. After examining some literature proposing that the differences in Big G might be a function of the length of the day along the years, this paper proposes an alternative hypothesis in which the periodicity of said variation is a function of the relative periodicity of the Sun-Earth distance. The hypothesis introduced here becomes a direct application of the Kerr Metric that describes a massive rotating star. The Kerr solution for the equations of the General Theory of Relativity of Albert Einstein fits well with this relative periodicity and adequately predicts the arrangement of the ex-perimental G values reported by sixteen different laboratories. Also, the author explains how the Sun disturbs gravity on the surface of the Earth.

The Color of the Night

Light coming from remote galaxies is redshifted and it is accepted that redshifts are produced by every galaxy running away from each other in a particular manner. According to this theory, galaxies can be grouped by the distance to earth in four spaces: the closer ones with no acceleration, the next ones with acceleration, the next remote ones with deceleration, and the farther ones without characterization. All that complexity is disregarded in this paper by assuming that the photons are ruled by longitudinal and transverse gravitational potentials. These relativistic invariant potentials create coherence quantum states of energy and subsequently the light redshift is created by photons moving down across those energetical levels.

Single-Photon Interaction with Beam Splitters

The production of maxima and minima by the superposition of two or more light signals provides fundamental support for the wave nature of light. This result is based on the study of wave interference phenomena which remains the only approach to explain the production of those maxima and minima. In a system that is prepared to work with only one photon at a time, any detector can signal only one or zero. In 1986, a rigorously controlled experiment was designed by Grangier, G. Roger, and A. Aspect, [Europhys Lett. 1(4), p. 173, 1986] that guaranteed a single-photon beam. The explanation of the experimental results implied the interference of the wave function of a single-photon with itself. Thus, the explanation of interference that is accepted for an ensemble of photons was assumed to be valid for a single photon. In this study, we prepare a Mach-Zehnder interferometer using the same type of beam splitters used by Grangier et al. to test the assumption mentioned above. Our results allow us to explain the results of Grangier et al. because of the interaction between light and the beam splitters. Our results also verify that their wave interpretation of the results is not valid. Here, we present the essential findings of the extensive experimental evidence that supports our ideas.

<i>D’addio</i>to Blackness

It is assumed here that the energy of a strong gravitational field creates non-linear effects over enclosed masses. This idea and the rigorous rules of the General Theory of Relativity output a metric that covers strong and weak gravitational fields. The proposed metric could be correct because it included the Schwarzschild’s metric as a particular case and has no singularities. Additionally, it appears here that the massive condition of the gravitational fields has properties like the so-called Dark Matter.

Toward a Common Ground for Gravity and Optics

A long enough period of observation of the Sun’s gravitational dragging effects by using a modified Cavendish’s balance output of experimental evidence shows new patterns. Those patterns can be explained assuming that the Sun has a torus with rotation, precession, and nutation. This purpose of this paper is to introduce the frequencies of all those movements. The torus’s rotational period can be used to explain the Sun’s magnetic pole reversal. Utilizing a modified Cavendish’s balance showed an output of dragging forces stronger than the attraction between the gravitational masses. This tool afforded this research a new experimental possibility to a more precise determination of the Universal Gravitational Constant Big G. Moreover, the dragging forces directly affect any volume of mass, which includes the atmosphere. This paper shows a correlation between the Sun’s dragging peaks and density of the air squared. The aforementioned correlation and the inverse cubic relation with the distance to the Sun are common for the dragging and tide forces providing the possibility that tidal forces are also a gravitational dragging consequence. The last 2017 total Solar eclipse created a new temporal reaction on the modified Cavendish’s balance. That temporal pattern looks as the spatial pattern created by an opaque disk. This similarity allows the researcher to calculate that the dragging forces are transmitted by photons with spatial periodicity of value λ = 6.1 km.

Observations of the Sun’s Dragging Forces

The classical theory of gravity, developed by Isaac Newton, predicts that the gravitational force between two masses is always colinear with the direction defined by the center of mass of both bodies. Some work done in the last 60 years has shown experimental evidence that the reality may be somehow more complex. That complexity was confirmed by the author of this paper and he goes farther announcing that the Sun is emitting particles with 44 m spatial periodicity that creates isotropic gravitational effects. Those effects are identical to the ones produced by dragging forces according to the General Theory of Relativity under the Kerr’s Metric. The purpose of this paper is to introduce experimental evidence confirming the author’s predictions that the Moon can modify the dragging force coming from the Sun’s core.

The Sun and Big G Measurements

On August 29th, 2018, a scientific team reported a measure of the Universal Gravitational Constant G with the highest precision ever. The team completed three experimental campaigns in the same city over the course of a year. That work provided a complete data set useful analyzing the values of Big G change with the distance to the Sun, as is claimed by the author of this paper.