Geographical Indications for Medicinal Plants:Globalization, Climate Change, Quality and Market Implications for Geo-Authentic Botanicals

Pharmacopoeial standards for crude drugs are established based on analysis of authenticated specimens which should be representative of the quality of material traditionally specified in systems of traditional medicine from species' geographical origin. This reflects the ‘geo-authentic'material that corresponds to traditional ecological and medical knowledge. In cases where specimens are obtained from cultivation outside of the species origin, this ‘authenticated' material will not be ‘geo-authentic'.There is a growing trend for the protection of ‘geographical indication'(GI) botanicals in the context of intellectual property rights. GI botanicals are named after a geographical area, indicating production within a particular area, quality and characteristics dependent on natural,historical and cultural factors. However, with the globalization of systems of traditional medicine such as Ayurvedic medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, Asian species are being introduced to cultivation outside of their geographical origins particularly in the EU and US.In contrast to the Chinese concept of ‘daodi' and European concepts of ‘provenance' or ‘terroir' is the competing trend for ‘locally grown'herbs, i.e. cultivated closer to where they will be used. Reasons include concerns about quality control, contamination from polluted air, soil and water in some source countries, climate change, supply chain security and traceability, costs of production and price pressure.This review looks at selected agronomic experiments aiming to discern differences between geo-authentic medicinal herbs vs. introduced crops and whether the global market cares to make a distinction or pay a price premium for articles with designations of geographical origin of specified quality.

Reviewing Threats to Wild Rhodiola sachalinensis,A Medicinally Valuable yet Vulnerable Species

Occurring in China,DPR Korea,Japan,and Russian Federation and classified in the Red List of Chinese Flora as a vulnerable species,Rhodiola sachalinensis Boriss.is used increasingly in cosmetics,dietary supplements,and Traditional Chinese Medicines(TCMs).The aim of this study was to evaluate the(i)conservation status,harvesting and trade levels of R.sachalinensis,(ii)current state of experimental and commercial farming,and(iii)evidence of substitution or interchangeable use of R.sachalinensis with other Rhodiola species.We assessed data from multiple disciplines and languages including studies on R.sachalinensis biology and ecology,information on impacts of wild harvest,management measures,and current levels of cultivation.Our assessment shows that while R.sachalinensis is increasingly produced by cultivation,wild populations are decreasing and face multiple threats.These include(a)habitat loss including due to oil and gas infrastructure development on Sakhalin island,(b)climate change impacts on alpine ecosystems,and(c)overexploitation of wild plants to satisfy the growing commercial demand.Assessments of the conservation status of R.sachalinensis should commence in each Range State,as well as resource assessments and monitoring of harvesting and trade of wild R.sachalinensis.Even with increased reliance on cultivation,biodiversity conservation,and genetic diversity in wild populations are relevant to future use of this species.