Flexible bronchoscopy is a common procedure. Training in bronchoscopy is a complex process involving learning technical skills, understanding indications and contraindications, risks and benefits of the procedure, wor...Flexible bronchoscopy is a common procedure. Training in bronchoscopy is a complex process involving learning technical skills, understanding indications and contraindications, risks and benefits of the procedure, working within the team and communicating with patients. It is expected that a competent bronchoscopist is able to maneuver the scope through the anatomically complex bronchial tree, take samples, manage the sedated patient and communicate with nursing staff. Learning the complex procedural skills in the clinical setting can be stressful, therefore current bronchoscopic training methodology should blend a number of learning methods including didactic lectures, web-based material, high and low fidelity simulators as well as supervised apprenticeship training. Simulation-based bronchoscopy training therefore has been explored as a mode of training bronchoscopy skills. In this article, the role of simulation-based bronchoscopy training is reviewed. The low fidelity and high fidelity virtual reality bronchoscopy models are described together with the evidence available to support the use of simulation for bronchoscopy training.展开更多
We study existence and uniqueness results for the Yamabe problem on non-compact manifolds of negative curvature type.Ourfirst existence and uniqueness result concerns those such manifolds which are asymptotically local...We study existence and uniqueness results for the Yamabe problem on non-compact manifolds of negative curvature type.Ourfirst existence and uniqueness result concerns those such manifolds which are asymptotically locally hyperbolic.In this context,our result requires only a partial C2 decay of the metric,namely the full decay of the metric in C1 and the decay of the scalar curvature.In particular,no decay of the Ricci curvature is assumed.In our second result we establish that a local volume ratio condition,when combined with negativity of the scalar curvature at infinity,is sufficient for existence of a solution.Our volume ratio condition appears tight.This paper is based on the DPhil thesis of thefirst author.展开更多
文摘Flexible bronchoscopy is a common procedure. Training in bronchoscopy is a complex process involving learning technical skills, understanding indications and contraindications, risks and benefits of the procedure, working within the team and communicating with patients. It is expected that a competent bronchoscopist is able to maneuver the scope through the anatomically complex bronchial tree, take samples, manage the sedated patient and communicate with nursing staff. Learning the complex procedural skills in the clinical setting can be stressful, therefore current bronchoscopic training methodology should blend a number of learning methods including didactic lectures, web-based material, high and low fidelity simulators as well as supervised apprenticeship training. Simulation-based bronchoscopy training therefore has been explored as a mode of training bronchoscopy skills. In this article, the role of simulation-based bronchoscopy training is reviewed. The low fidelity and high fidelity virtual reality bronchoscopy models are described together with the evidence available to support the use of simulation for bronchoscopy training.
基金supported by the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Partial Differential Equations(grant number EP/L015811/1).
文摘We study existence and uniqueness results for the Yamabe problem on non-compact manifolds of negative curvature type.Ourfirst existence and uniqueness result concerns those such manifolds which are asymptotically locally hyperbolic.In this context,our result requires only a partial C2 decay of the metric,namely the full decay of the metric in C1 and the decay of the scalar curvature.In particular,no decay of the Ricci curvature is assumed.In our second result we establish that a local volume ratio condition,when combined with negativity of the scalar curvature at infinity,is sufficient for existence of a solution.Our volume ratio condition appears tight.This paper is based on the DPhil thesis of thefirst author.
