Acoustic sound speed profile inversion based on orthogonal matching pursuit

The estimation of ocean sound speed profiles(SSPs)requires the inversion of an acoustic field using limited observations.Such inverse problems are underdetermined,and require regularization to ensure physically realistic solutions.The empirical orthonormal function(EOF)is capable of a very large compression of the data set.In this paper,the non-linear response of the sound pressure to SSP is linearized using a first order Taylor expansion,and the pressure is expanded in a sparse domain using EOFs.Since the parameters of the inverse model are sparse,compressive sensing(CS)can help solve such underdetermined problems accurately,efficiently,and with enhanced resolution.Here,the orthogonal matching pursuit(OMP)is used to estimate range-independent acoustic SSPs using the simulated acoustic field.The superior resolution of OMP is demonstrated with the SSP data from the South China Sea experiment.By shortening the duration of the training set,the temporal correlation between EOF and test sets is enhanced,and the accuracy of sound velocity inversion is improved.The SSP estimation error versus depth is calculated,and the 99%confidence interval of error is within±0.6 m/s.The 82%of mean absolute error(MAE)is less than 1 m/s.It is shown that SSPs can be well estimated using OMP.

Simple synthesis of sandwich-like SnSe2/rGO as high initial coulombic efficiency and high stability anode for sodium-ion batteries

Metal selenides owing to their high theoretical capacity and good conductivity are considered as one of the potential candidates for the anode materials of sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,their practical applications are greatly restricted by the poor cycling performances and complicated synthesis methods.In this work,a sandwich-like Sn Se2/reduced graphene oxide(r GO)composite with a small amount of r GO(7.3%)is synthesized by a simple one-pot solvothermal technique.The as-synthesized Sn Se2/r GO shows improved initial coulombic efficiency(ICE)of 73.7%,high capacity of 402.0 m Ah g-1 after 150 cycles at 0.1 A g-1 with a retention of 86.2%and outstanding rate performances.The abundant Sn-O-C bonds of synthesized material not only accelerate the charge transfer at the interface but also enhance the mechanical strength to accommodate volume variation and prevent active material loss during cycling.Moreover,the compact structure leads to thin solid electrolyte interface(SEI)so that high initial coulombic efficiency was obtained.Furthermore,full cells are assembled to test its potential application.This work offers a simple method to synthesize Sn Se2/r GO as a candidate anode for SIBs.

Achieving long-cycling sodium-ion full cells in ether-based electrolyte with vinylene carbonate additive

Application of sodium-ion batteries is suppressed due to the lack of appropriate electrolytes matching cathode and anode simultaneously.Ether-based electrolytes,preference of anode materials,cannot match with high-potential cathodes failing to apply in full cells.Herein,vinylene carbonate(VC)as an additive into NaCF_(3) SO_(3)-Diglyme(DGM)could make sodium-ion full cells applicable without preactivation of cathode and anode.The assembled FeS@C||Na3 V2(PO_(4))_(3)@C full cell with this electrolyte exhibits long term cycling stability and high capacity retention.The deduced reason is additive VC,whose HOMO level value is close to that of DGM,not only change the solvent sheath structure of Na^(+),but also is synergistically oxidized with DGM to form integrity and consecutive cathode electrolyte interphase on Na3 V2(PO_(4))_(3)@C cathode,which could effectively improve the oxidative stability of electrolyte and prevent the electrolyte decomposition.This work displays a new way to optimize the sodium-ion full cell seasily with bright practical application potential.

Facile synthesis of hierarchical Na2Fe(SO4)2@rGO/C as high-voltage cathode for energy density-enhanced sodium-ion batteries

Fe-based sulfates are ideal cathode candidates for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs) owing to their high operating voltage and low cost but suffer from the nature of poor power performance. Herein, a hierarchical porous Na2Fe(SO4)2@reduced graphene oxide/carbon dot(Na2Fe(SO4)2@rGO/C) with low carbon content(4.12 wt%) was synthesized via a facile homogeneous strategy benefiting for engineering application,which delivers excellent sodium storage performance(high voltage plateau of 3.75 V, 85 m Ah g-1 and330 Wh kg-1 at 0.05 C;5805 W kg-1 at 10 C) and high Na+diffusion coefficient(1.19 × 10-12 cm2 s-1).Moreover, the midpoint voltage of assembled full cell could reach 3.0 V. The electron transfer and reaction kinetics are effectively boosted since the nanoscale Na2Fe(SO4)2 is supported by a robust crosslinked carbon matrix with rGO sheets and carbon dots. The slight rGO sheets sufficiently enhance the electron transfer like a current collecter and restrain the aggregation, as well as ensure smooth ion channels. Meanwhile, the carbon dots in the whole space connect with Na2Fe(SO4)2 and help rGO to promote the conductivity of the electrode. Ex-situ X-ray powder diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry analysis confirm the high reversibility of this sodiation/desodiation process.

CABG联合MVR治疗老年冠心病合并中重度功能性二尖瓣反流效果分析

目的 比较分析老年冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(以下简称冠心病)合并中重度功能性二尖瓣反流患者行单纯冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)和CABG联合二尖瓣置换术(MVR)的临床疗效。方法 选取2009年6月—2018年4月徐州医科大学附属淮安医院诊治的老年冠心病合并中重度功能性二尖瓣反流患者106例作为研究对象。根据手术方式将其分为CABG组和CABG+MVR组,分别于术前及术后1年检查患者左室射血分数、左心室舒张末期内径和二尖瓣反流面积,评估纽约心脏病协会(NYHA)心功能分级改善情况,并记录患者住院时间、ICU时间、体外循环时间等手术指标。结果 CABG+MVR组术中体外循环时间、升主动脉阻断时间及术后ICU时间与CABG组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),CABG+MVR组时间较长;IABP使用比例、住院时间和围手术期病死率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者术后1年较术前:左室舒张末期内径和二尖瓣反流面积减小,左室射血分数增加,NYHA心功能分级明显改善(P<0.05)。结论 老年冠心病合并中重度功能性二尖瓣反流患者行CABG+MVR手术可改善患者心功能,提高生活质量,具有临床疗效佳、安全性好等优点。

Breast Milk Lead and Cadmium Levels in Suburban Areas of Nanjing,China

Objective To evaluate levels of lead(Pb) and cadmium(Cd) in the breast milk in the second postpartum month,to investigate the relationship between Pb/Cd levels in breast milk and some sociodemographic parameters,and to explore whether these levels affect the infants' physical status or the mothers' psychological status(postpartum depression).Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2009 and December 2010.Altogether 170 healthy mothers were enrolled from Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital.The inclusion criteria were:voluntary to participate in this study,healthy,with no chronic disease,breastfeeding in the second postpartum month,living in a suburban but not non-industrial area of Nanjing,and not occupationally exposed to toxic metals.All the mothers completed a questionnaire and were evaluated based on the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale(EPDS) to identify the risk of postpartum depression.Pb and Cd levels in breast milk were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy.The infants of these mothers were examined for their z scores of weight for age,length for age,head circumference for age,and body mass index for age.Results The median breast milk levels of Pb and Cd were 40.6 μg/L and 0.67 μg/L,respectively.In 164(96.5%) of the 170 samples,Pb levels were higher than the limit reported by the World Health Organization(> 5 μg/L).Breast milk Cd level was > 1 μg/L in 54(31.8%) mothers.The mothers with a history of anemia had a higher breast milk Pb level than those without a history of anemia(41.1 μg/L vs.37.9 μg/L,P = 0.050).The median breast milk Cd level in those who were active and passive smokers during pregnancy was significantly higher than that in non-smokers(0.88 μg/L vs.0.00 μg/L,P = 0.025).The breast milk Cd level in the mothers not taking iron and vitamin supplements for 2 months postpartum was higher than in those taking the supplements(iron supplement:0.74 μg/L vs.0.00 μg/L,P = 0.025;vitamin supplement:0.78 μg/L vs.0.00 μg/L,P = 0.005).Breast milk Cd level at the second postpartum month was negatively correlated with the z scores of head circumference(r = 0.248,P = 0.042) and weight for age at birth(r = 0.241,P = 0.024) in girls.No correlation was found between the breast milk Pb/Cd levels and the EPDS scores.Conclusion Considering the high levels of Pb and Cd in breast milk in this study,breast milk monitoring programs are necessary.

Patterns of biomass,carbon,and nitrogen storage distribution dynamics after the invasion of pine forests by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) in the three Gorges Reservoir Region

Masson pine stands infected by Pine wilt disease(PWD) in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region of central China were surveyed to quantify the immediate responses and subsequent trajectories of biomass,carbon(C),and nitrogen(N) in stand-level major ecosystem compartments.The biomasses of above-and belowground tree components,as well as of the understory,forest floor,and mineral soil(0–40 cm),were determined within each stand.C and N storage were also estimated for each ecosystem compartment.Overstory biomass decreased steadily with the extent of PWD infection.Understory biomass ranged from1.97 to 4.16 Mg ha,and the observed value for forest floor biomass was 12.89–22.59 Mg ha.The highest mean C and N concentrations were found in the stem bark and needles of Masson pine,respectively,while the lowest were found in the semi-to fully decomposed layer of the forest floor and stem wood of Masson pine,respectively.The C and N storage of aboveground trees,tree roots,and the aboveground ecosystem decreased with the extent ofPWD infection.However,the C and N contents of the understory,forest floor,and total mineral soil initially declined after PWD infection before recovering over the following several years.Those result concluded that the biomass,C,and N storage of different forest ecosystem compartments have experienced certain variations following the PWD epidemic.This is vital to understand the shifts in stand-level C and N allocation in PWD-damaged forest stands,as well as for predicting the responses of regional and global C and N cycling.

Effect of pine wood nematode invasion on pine community functions in the Pinghu region, Zhejiang Province, eastern China

In order to investigate the effect of invastion by pine wood nematode(PWN), this study analyzed several functional indices, i.e., the increment in DBH and stand volume and biomass, in the damaged stands with various mixed percentages of Pinus massoniana and P. thunbergii and with different levels of damage. According to the results of rate of change in increment of DBH and stand volume, the forest ecosystem resistance against PWN increased with a reduction in the mixed ratio of pine. The resistance was highest with a mixed percentage of 50%. The invasion of PWN changed the corresponding relationship of increment between DBH and stand volume(pure stands > 7:3 conifer and broadleaf > 6:4 conifer and broadleaf > 5:5 conifer and broadleaf) among the P. thunbergii stands when there is no damage, but for P. massoniana stands this phenomenon did not occur. For the increment rate of DBH and stand volume, this significant change in P. thunbergii forest indicates that the resistance of pure P. thunbergii forest was higher than that of P. massoniana. The invasion of PWN accelerates the succession from pure stands to mixed stands and then to the broadleaf evergreen stands.

Hemodynamics of aneurysm intervention with different stents

An ideal cerebral aneurysm model with different stent forms is established.By using the single-relaxation-time(SRT)lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)to solve the flow field,the blood flow characteristics in the aneurysm under different conditions are studied numerically.The intra-arterial stenting of saccular aneurysms at different Reynolds numbers and the feasibility of new stenting forms such as double stenting and variable-spacing stenting in the aneurysms are explored.The hemodynamic factors such as velocity distribution and wall shear stress(WSS)in the aneurysm are analyzed.Numerical results show that the risk of aneurysm rupture is mainly centralized at the right corner of the aneurysm.Intervention of stents in the aneurysm can effectively reduce the intra-aneurysmal velocity and WSS,and decrease the danger of aneurysm rupture during strenuous exercise or emotional excitement.At the same time,the intervention of a double stent and the stent shape with a dense anterior part in the aneurysm has certain advantages in preventing aneurysm rupture.The intraaneurysmal mean velocity reduction can reach 90.39% and 80.29% after the intervention of the double stent and the anterior densified stent respectively.

Major physiological adjustments in freezing-tolerant grey tiger longicorn beetle(Xylotrechus rusticus) during overwintering period

1Xylotrechus rusticus （Linnaeus） is one of the most destruc-tive woodborers in northeast China;it damages poplar and is listed as a domestic forestry quarantine pest. Overwintering larvae were collected during October 2012 and March 2013 in Harbin, China, to quantify indi-cators related to the insect’s overwintering strategy and the major cryo-protectants. The supercooling points （SCPs）, which ranged from-14.7＆#176;C to -2.9＆#176;C, were higher than the lethal temperatures of LT50 （-33.64＆#176;C） and LT99 （-40.17＆#176;C） after 24 h exposure. , also the minimum mean daily temperature （-24.5＆#176;C） and mean monthly temperature （-18.0＆#176;C） at the sampling site in January during 2008-2012. Thus, X. rusticus is a typical freezing-tolerant insect. Glycerol serves as a major cryoprotectant for overwintering larvae , because it was the only polyol accumulated during the winter and it also had a significant negative correlation with the SCP （p=0.033, R=0.907）. The glycogen and lipid are major sources of ener-gy and their levels decreased substantially in the middle of overwintering, when glycogen had a significant correlation with the SCP （p= 0.006, R=0.971） whereas the lipid contents did not. Moreover, inter-conversions between glycerol and glycogen, as well as mannose and glycogen, were suggested by their negative correlations. The water content did not change obviously during the winter and was not correlated with the SCP. The free amino acids in the hemolymph and the total protein contents of the bodies of larvae changed significantly during winter, although both had no correlations with the SCP.

Prediction of the global potential geographical distribution of Hylurgus ligniperda using a maximum entropy model

Background: Hylurgus ligniperda(Fabricius) is native to Europe but has established populations in many countries and regions. H. ligniperda mainly infests Pinus species, and can cause severe weakness and even death of the host through its boring activity;it can also be a vector of various pathogenic fungi. This study was conducted to investigate the environmental variables limiting the distribution of H. ligniperda and the change trend of its suitable areas under climate change.Results: We used a maximum entropy model to predict the potential geographical distribution of H. ligniperda on a global scale under near current and future climatic scenarios using its occurrence data and environmental variables. The result shows that the areas surrounding the Mediterranean region, the eastern coastal areas of Asia, and the southeastern part of Oceania are highly suitable for H. ligniperda. The environmental variables with the greatest effect on the distribution of H. ligniperda were determined using the jackknife method and Pearson’s correlation analysis and included the monthly average maximum temperature in April, precipitation of driest quarter, the monthly average minimum temperature in December, precipitation of coldest quarter, mean temperature of driest quarter and mean diurnal range.Conclusions: Excessive precipitation in winter and low temperatures in spring had a great effect on the distribution of H. ligniperda. The potential geographical distribution of H. ligniperda was predicted to change under future climatic conditions compared with near current climate conditions. Highly suitable areas, moderately suitable areas and low suitable areas were predicted to increase by 59.99%, 44.43% and 22.92%, respectively, under the2081–2100 ssp245 scenario.

Blood Lead Levels During Pregnancy and Its Influencing Factors in Nanjing,China

Objective To investigate the blood lead levels （BLLs） in the duration of pregnancy and 6-12 weeks after delivery, and analyze the influencing factors of BLLs in healthy pregnant women. Methods Pregnant women were recruited from September 2009 to February 2010 at the prenatal clinic in Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital. Altogether 174 healthy pregnant women without pregnant or obstetric complications or abnormal pregnancy outcomes were enrolled as the gravida group, and 120 healthy non-pregnant women as the control group. BLLs during pregnancy were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results BLLs in all the three pregnancy trimesters and postpartum were 59.8±24.3, 55.4±20.1, 55.9±19.7, and 67.6±17.4 μ/L, respectively, and the mean BLL in control group was 67.5±21.3 μg/L. BLLs during all the three trimesters were lower in the gravida group than in the control group （P=0.043, 0.021, and 0.028）. Furthermore, occupations, nutrients supplementation, and time of house/apartment painted were associated with BLLs in pregnant women. Lead-related occupations, cosmetics use, and living in a house painted less than 1 year before are risk factors of high BLLs among pregnant women, while calcium, iron, zinc, and milk supplements are protective factors. Conclusion Supplementing calcium, iron, zinc, and milk, or avoiding contact with risk factors may help people, especially pregnant women, to reduce lead exposure.

Correlation of IDE gene rs11187007 locus polymorphism with insulin resistance and systemic inflammatory response in patients with GDM

Objective:To study the correlation of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) gene rs11187007 locus polymorphism with insulin resistance and systemic inflammatory response in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Methods: The pregnant women diagnosed with GDM in our hospital between March 2015 and January 2018 were selected as the GDM group, and healthy pregnant women who had prenatal examination and gave birth during the same period were selected as the control group. Peripheral blood was collected to measure the genotype of IDE gene rs11187007 locus as well as the contents of cytokines IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, Chemerin and Omentin-1, and placenta was collected to measure the expression levels of IRS-1, IRS-2, GLUT3 and GLUT4.Results: The constituent ratio of IDE gene rs11187007 locus AA genotype, IL-10 and Omentin-1 contents in peripheral blood as well as IRS-1, IRS-2, GLUT3 and GLUT4 mRNA expression levels in placenta of GDM group were all lower than those of control group whereas the constituent ratio of IDE gene rs11187007 locus AG genotype and GG genotype as well as IL-6, TNF-α and Chemerin contents in peripheral blood were higher than those of control group;IRS-1, IRS-2, GLUT3 and GLUT4 mRNA expression levels in the GDM placenta with AG genotype and GG genotype as well as IL-10 and Omentin-1 contents in the peripheral blood were lower than those in the GDM placenta with AA genotype whereas IL-6, TNF-α and Chemerin contents in the peripheral blood were higher than those in the GDM placenta with AA genotype.Conclusion: The mutation from IDE gene rs11187007 allele A to G in GDM patients can aggravate the insulin resistance and systemic inflammatory response.

Is there hybridization between 2 species of the same genus in sympatry?——The genetic relationships between Anoplophora glabripennis,Anoplophora chinensis,and putative hybrids

Anoplophora glabripennis(Asian longhorn beetle,ALB)and Anoplophora chinensis(Citrus longhorn beetle,CLB)are native forest pests in China;they have become important international quarantine pests.They are found using the same Salix aureopendula host tree of Cixi,Zhejiang province,China.On this host tree,we collected additional beetles that appeared to be morphologically intermediate between ALB and CLB.By using a stereoscope,we observed that there were several bumps on the base of the elytra,which was inconsistent with ALB,which typically has a smooth elytral base,but was more like CLB,which has numerous short tubercles on the elytral base.Given their sympatry and intermediate morphology,we hypothesized that these may represent ALB×CLB hybrids.We studied the genomic profiles for 46 samples(ALB,CLB,and putative hybrids)using genotyping-by-sequencing(GBS)providing a reduced representation of the entire genome.Employing principal component analyses on the 163 GBS-derived single nucleotide polymorphism data,we found putative hybrids tightly clustered with ALB,but genetically distinct from the CLB individuals.Therefore,our initial hybrid hypothesis was not supported by genomic data.Further,while mating experiments between adult ALB and CLB were successful in 4 separate years(2017,2018,2020,and 2021),and oviposition behavior was observed,no progeny was produced.Having employed population genomic analysis and biological hybridization experiments,we conclude that the putative hybrids represent newly discovered morphological variants within ALB.Our approach further confirmed the advantage of genome-wide information for Anoplophora species assignment in certain ambiguous classification cases.

Correlation of AQPs family molecule expression with cell invasion and apoptosis in preeclampsia placenta

Objective: To study the correlation of aquaporins (AQPs) family molecule expression with cell invasion and apoptosis in preeclampsia placenta. Methods: The puerperae who were diagnosed with preeclampsia in Obstetrics Department of Mianyang Central Hospital between July 2014 and May 2017 were selected and divided into mild PE group and severe PE group according to the disease severity, and the healthy puerperae who received antenatal care and gave birth in Mianyang Central Hospital over the same period were selected as control group. The placenta was collected to determine the mRNA expression of AQPs family molecules, cell invasion molecules and apoptosis molecules. Results: AQP1, AQP3, AQP8, AQP9, TXNIP, NLRP3, Fas, HSP70 and Caspase-3 mRNA expression in placenta tissue of severe PE group and mild PE group were greatly higher than those of control group whereas LAMA4, GRP30, OPN, EMMPRIN, MMP2 and MMP9 mRNA expression were greatly lower than those of control group;AQP1, AQP3, AQP8, AQP9, TXNIP, NLRP3, Fas, HSP70 and Caspase-3 mRNA expression in placenta tissue of severe PE group were greatly higher than those of mild PE group whereas LAMA4, GRP30, OPN, EMMPRIN, MMP2 and MMP9 mRNA expression were greatly lower than those of mild PE group;AQP1, AQP3, AQP8 and AQP9 mRNA expression in placenta of PE were negatively correlated with LAMA4, GRP30, OPN, EMMPRIN, MMP2 and MMP9 mRNA expression, and positively correlated with TXNIP, NLRP3, Fas, HSP70 and Caspase-3 mRNA expression. Conclusion: Highly expressed AQP1, AQP3, AQP8 and AQP9 can inhibit the invasion of trophoblast cells and promote the apoptosis of trophoblast cells in the placenta of preeclampsia.

西沙群岛七连屿珊瑚礁鱼类的物种组成与演替

七连屿是西沙群岛东北面的一个珊瑚礁群岛,生物多样性极高,近年来由于受到了人类扰动影响,鱼类资源出现明显衰退。为探究这一衰退演变特征并更好地保护和管理七连屿珊瑚礁鱼类资源,我们于2018–2023年采用潜水捕捞、渔捞日志记录、水下视频拍摄以及环境DNA分析等方法,并结合近年这一海域的研究资料,对其鱼类种类组成的现状进行分析。结果如下:2017年至今,七连屿共发现珊瑚礁鱼类412种,隶属于2纲16目60科168属,其中鲈形目鱼类最多,为320种,科水平隆头鱼科种类最多,有47种。七连屿以小型鱼类为多;食性方面以肉食性鱼类为多。2021–2023年大中型鱼类比例及肉食性鱼类比例较2017–2020年出现下降,同时小型鱼类和植食性鱼类比例却出现显著上升。两时间段肉食性鱼类相似性较低,为不相似;植食性鱼类相似性较高,为中等相似;小型鱼类相似性较低,为不相似,大型鱼类也为不相似。优势种中大型鱼类和小型鱼类的种类数显著低于稀有鱼类,肉食性鱼类的种类数也显著低于稀有鱼类,而植食性鱼类的种类数则显著高于稀有鱼类。两时间段的鱼类平均分类差异指数(Delta+)和变异分类差异指数(Lambda+)呈下降趋势。以上表明七连屿珊瑚礁鱼类受到了过度捕捞和生境退化的双重影响,鱼类物种发生了显著的更替。研究为今后预测七连屿珊瑚礁鱼类物种演替趋势提供了基础数据,为西沙珊瑚礁生态系统保护和修复提供了参考。

Building a reference indicator model using co-kriging interpolation to determine the geographical origin of the flighted spongy moth complex in China

Using stable isotopes to detect and analyze the geographical origin of insects represents an important traceability technology,which requires a rich isotope database.In this study,we representatively sampled the Chinese provinces where flighted spongy moth complex(FSMC)has been reported and,for the first time,used co-kriging interpolation to predict the distribution patterns of FSMC s13C values in the main distribution areas.From 2020 to 2022,we set up 60 traps in 12 provinces and cities in China and collected 795 FSMCs.Then,6 main climatic factors were obtained by multi-collinearity screening from 21 types of meteorological data collected at the sample plots,and a correlation analysis was carried out by combining longitude,latitude,and altitude data with the s13C val-ues of FSMC.Next,we performed a co-kriging interpolation using the 2 climatic factors with the highest correlation(isothermality and altitude)and the s13C values of FSMC.A cross-validation was performed to systematically test 11 candidate models and select the best semi-variogram model(Exponential"),which was then used to build a co-kriging interpolation model.The geographical distribution patterns of the FSMC s13C values ob-tained from the 2 interpolation models(i.e.,interpolated with isothermality and altitude,respectively)were almost the same.Moreover,the s13C values varied significantly at the regional scale,showing regular changes in spatial distribution.Overall,the reference indi-cator map of the 813C values generated from stable isotopes can be used to greatly improve the efficiency of discrimination analyses on the geographical origin of FSMC.

Species composition and succession of coral reef fishes in Huaguang Reef,Xisha Islands

A list of coral reef fish species of Huaguang Reef was compiled in 2023 using hand fishing,diving fishing,underwater video,and eDNA detection,combined with historical data from 1979 and archival records from the South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences for the years of 1998,1999,2003,and 2005.Successional characteristics of coral reef fishes through time were also explored.The findings revealed:(1)A total of 299 coral reef fish species were identified in Huaguang Reef,categorized into 2 classes,16 orders,and 56 families,with Perciformes exhibiting the highest species count(234),constituting 78.26%of all species.(2)In comparison to the period of 1979–2005,there was a reduction in the number of species at the order and family levels in 2023 at Huaguang Reef.Both the average taxonomic distinctness(Δt)and the variation in taxonomic distinctness(Λt)exhibited a declining trend,indicating disturbances in the fish ecosystem.(3)The proportion of herbivorous fish at Huaguang Reef remained relatively stable in 2023 compared to the 1979–2005 period.Notably,the similarity coefficient of herbivorous fish was the highest among different feeding types,signifying a degraded state of the Huaguang Reef habitat.(4)In contrast to the 1979–2005 period,a significant decline was observed in large-sized and carnivorous fish species at Huaguang Reef in 2023.The low similarity coefficients for both categories,with undiscovered fish species accounting for 58.49%and 45.76%of their respective taxa in the total list,respectively,suggested a notable impact of overfishing on coral reef fishes.The succession patterns revealed in this study provide a theoretical foundation for advancing the sustainable development of coral reef fish resources in the Xisha Islands and offer valuable insights for the protection and management of coral reef fishes.

Thirty years of change:Assessing the dynamics of fish communities in Daya Bay,a semi-enclosed coastal ecosystem of the South China sea

Daya Bay is a semi-enclosed bay in the South China Sea which is a coastal ecosystem with significant ecological and economic value that is subjected to a variety of anthropogenic disturbances.However,long-term variation in fish community structure in this Bay remains uncertain.In this study,we aimed to explore the changing characteristics of fish species composition and community structure in Daya Bay during the past 30 years using data from 1989 to 2021 from bottom trawl surveys and historical literature data.As of now,a total of 544 species of fish have been identified in the Bay,belonging to 24 orders and 125 families.The structure of the fish community in the bay has changed over time.Firstly,there has been a clear decrease in the number of species and biomass of large fish.Secondly,the number of fish constituent orders and families has decreased.Moreover,both the average taxonomic distinctness and variation in taxonomic distinctness decreased from 1989 to 2021.Thirdly,there is low similarity among fishes at different time phases and distinct changes in the composition of dominant species.Present results indicate that the fish community structure in Daya Bay has tended to reflect a decline in diversity,shifts in composition,and shrinking of fish body size in the past 30 years.This study improves our understanding of fish species composition and its drivers over time in Daya Bay,providing important knowledge to support the protection and restoration of this ecosystem and the important ecosystem services it provides.

Hierarchical porous hard carbon enables integral solid electrolyte interphase as robust anode for sodium-ion batteries

Hard carbon is the most promising anode for sodium-ion battery applications due to the wide availability and low work voltage.However,it often delivers worse electrochemical performance in ester-based electrolytes.Herein,a hierarchically porous loose sponge-like hard carbon with a highly disordered phase,prepared from the biomass of platanus bark,exhibits superior rate performance with a capacity of 165 mAh·g-1 at a high current of1 A·g-1,and high retention of 71.5%after 2000 cycles in an ester-based electrolyte.The effect of the hierarchically porous loose sponge-like structure on the formation dynamics of solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),and related properties,was studied via cyclic voltammetry(CV),galvanostatic intermittent titration technique(GITT),X-ray photoelectron spectroscope(XPS),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)analysis.These results reveal that the hierarchically porous structure can construct continued connecting channels and accelerate the electrolyte transport,which is beneficial to the reaction kinetics of SEI.Moreover,the mesoporous structure is conducive to good contact between electrolyte and materials and shortens the Na+diffusion path,which in turn facilitates the charge transfer kinetics in the material.