Parameter Calibration of SWMM Model Based on Optimization Algorithm

For the challenge of parameter calibration in the process of SWMM(storm water management model)model application,we use particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)and Sequence Quadratic Programming(SQP)in combination to calibrate the parameters and get the optimal parameter combination in this research.Then,we compare and analyze the simulation result with the other two respectively using initial parameters and parameters obtained by PSO algorithm calibration alone.The result shows that the calibration result of PSO-SQP combined algorithm has the highest accuracy and shows highly consistent with the actual situation,which provides a scientific and effective new idea for parameter calibration of SWMM model,moreover,has practical guidance for flood control and disaster mitigation.

小鼠肾发育中Slit2及其受体Robo1的表达

目的观察并检测Slit2及其受体Robo1在小鼠肾发育中的表达变化。方法通过免疫组织化学技术系统观察小鼠肾脏Slit2和Robo1的表达和定位;应用蛋白印迹技术检测小鼠肾脏Slit2和Robo1表达的变化规律。结果 Slit2和Robo1在胚龄12 d小鼠肾脏生肾区开始表达;Slit2在小鼠输尿管芽及其周围的间充质聚集的部位阳性表达,Robo1在小鼠肾脏生肾区广泛表达,主要分布于生后肾组织和输尿管芽上皮细胞基底面;在肾单位发育过程中,Slit2定位表达于逗号小体阶段和S小体阶段,且表达较强,在Ⅲ期肾小体阶段、Ⅳ期肾小体阶段及成熟肾小体阶段有微弱表达;Robo1定位表达于逗号小体阶段、S小体阶段、Ⅲ和Ⅳ期肾小体阶段,且表达较强,在成熟肾小体阶段有微弱表达;Slit2及其受体Robo1在肾脏泌尿小管如近端小管、远端小管及集合管发育过程中均有表达。蛋白印迹检测从小鼠胚龄14 d开始,Slit2表达先递增,至胚龄16 d达峰值,而后逐渐递减。Robo1表达从小鼠胚龄14 d开始逐渐递减。结论 Slit2及其受体Robo1参与肾输尿管芽的萌出、输尿管芽与生后肾组织的诱导、肾小体发育及泌尿小管发育和成熟过程。

Effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii intervention on immune response, intestinal flora and intestinal mucosal barrier of mice with ulcerative colitis

Objective: To study the effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii intervention on immune response, intestinal flora and intestinal mucosal barrier of mice with ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods: C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group, UC group and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii group, the latter two groups were made into UC models by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid enema and F. prausnitzii group were given intragastric administration of F. prausnitzii solution for intervention. The differences in immune response, intestinal flora, and intestinal mucosal barrier were compared among the three groups after 7 days of intervention. Results: The interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) contents in serum, the fork head box P3 (Foxp3), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, claudin-1 and claudin-2 expression in intestinal mucosa as well as the number of bifidobacterium and lactobacillus in feces of the UC group were significantly lower than those of the control group whereas the interleukin-17 (IL-17), diamine oxidase (DAO) and D-lactic acid (D-LA) contents in serum, the retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor γt (RORγt) expression in intestinal mucosa as well as the number of enterobacter and enterococcus in feces were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05);IL-10 and TGF-β1 contents in serum, Foxp3, ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1 and claudin-2 expression in intestinal mucosa as well as the number of bifidobacterium and lactobacillus in feces of the F. prausnitzii group were significantly higher than those of the UC group whereas IL-17, DAO and D-LA contents in serum, RORγt expression in intestinal mucosa as well as the number of enterobacter and enterococcus in feces were significantly lower than those of the UC group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii intervention can improve the Th17/Treg immune response, intestinal flora and intestinal mucosal barrier in UC mice.

Recombination-induced voltage-dependent photocurrent collection loss in CdTe thin film solar cell

Recently, the efficiency of CdTe thin film solar cell has been improved by using new type of window layer Mg_(x)Zn_(1-x)O(MZO). However, it is hard to achieve such a high efficiency as expected. In this report a comparative study is carried out between the MZO/CdTe and CdS/CdTe solar cells to investigate the factors affecting the device performance of MZO/CdTe solar cells. The efficiency loss quantified by voltage-dependent photocurrent collection efficiency(ηC(V′)) is 3.89% for MZO/CdTe and 1.53% for CdS/CdTe solar cells. The higher efficiency loss for the MZO/CdTe solar cell is induced by more severe carrier recombination at the MZO/CdTe p-n junction interface and in CdTe bulk region than that for the CdS/CdTe solar cell. Activation energy(Ea) of the reverse saturation current of the MZO/CdTe and CdS/CdTe solar cells are found to be 1.08 e V and 1.36 e V, respectively. These values indicate that for the CdS/CdTe solar cell the carrier recombination is dominated by bulk Shockley-Read-Hall(SRH) recombination and for the MZO/CdTe solar cell the carrier recombination is dominated by the p-n junction interface recombination. It is found that the tunneling-enhanced interface recombination is also involved in carrier recombination in the MZO/CdTe solar cell. This work demonstrates the poor device performance of the MZO/CdTe solar cell is induced by more severe interface and bulk recombination than that of the CdS/CdTe solar cell.

Nano polystyrene microplastics could accumulate in Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus):Negatively impacts on the intestinal and liver health through water exposure

Microplastics(MPs)have become a significant concern for their potential toxicity.However,the correlation between the size of plastic particles and their toxicity remains inconclusive.Here,we investigate the toxic effects of different sizes(80 nm,800 nm,8μm and 80μm)polystyrene MPs(PS-MPs)on the model organism Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus).The results of bioluminescent imaging indicate that the 80 nm PS-MPs are more likely to invade the body.H&E staining shows severe damage on the intestinal villi and distinct hepatic steatosis in the 80 nm group.Ed U labeling shows that the proliferation activity of intestinal and liver cells reduces significantly in the 80 nm group.The gut microbiome analysis shows a severe imbalance of gut microbiota homeostasis in the 80 nm group.The analysis of liver transcriptomics and metabolomics shows that the liver lipid metabolism is disordered in the 80 nm group.In conclusion,this study confirms that the 80 nm PS-MPs are more likely to induce intestinal and liver toxicity.All the above lay the foundation for further study on the pathological damage of MPs to other organisms.

Dietary host-associated Bacillus subtilis supplementation improves intestinal microbiota,health and disease resistance in Chinese perch(Siniperca chuatsi)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of a host-associated Bacillus subtilis 1-C-7 as a probiotic for Chinese perch(Siniperca chuatsi).Four test diets were formulated to contain graded levels of B.subtilis 1-C-7 at 0(CY),0.85×10^(8)(Y1),0.95×10^(9)(Y2)and 0.91×10^(10)(Y3)CFU/kg diet.The test fish with initial weight 30.0±1.2 g were fed the 4 test diets with 3 replicates in an indoor water-flow aquaculture system with 12 net cages(40 fish/cage)for 10 wk.At the conclusion of the feeding trial,the probiotic effects of B.subtilis on Chinese perch were analyzed based on growth performance,serum biochemical indices,histologic morphology of liver and gut,gut microbiota and the resistance to Aero-monas hydrophila.The results showed that the percentage of weight gain had no significant change in the Y1 and Y2 groups(P>0.05)but decreased in the Y3 group compared to that in the CY group(P<0.05).The fish in the Y3 group displayed the highest activity of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)among these 4 groups(P<0.05).The fish in the CY group had the highest value of malondialdehyde in the liver(P<0.05)and showed severe nuclear migration and vacuolization of hepatocytes.The morphology indicated that all test fish had poor intestinal health.However,the fish in the Y1 group had a relatively normal intestinal histologic structure.The mid gut microbial diversity analysis showed that dietary B.subtilis supplementation increased the abundance of probiotics such as Tenericutes and Bacteroides,whereas it reduced the abundance of pernicious bacteria such as Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,Thermophilia and Spirochaetes.The challenge test showed that dietary B.subtilis supplementation increased the resistance to A.hydrophila in Chinese perch.In conclusion,dietary supplementation of 0.85×10^(8)CFU/kg B.subtilis 1-C-7 could improve the intestinal microbiota,intestinal health and disease resistance in Chinese perch,but more or excessive supple-mentation could reduce growth performance and have negative effects on health.

The probiotic effects of host-associated Bacillus velezensis in diets for hybrid yellow catfish(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco♀×Pelteobagrus vachelli♂)

This study was to evaluate the potential of a host-associated Bacillus velezensis as a probiotic for hybrid yellow catfish(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco♀×Pelteobagrus vachelli♂).Diets(B0 to B5)containing 0,0.90×10^(8),0.80×109,0.85×10^(10),0.90×10^(11),0.83×10^(12)CFU/kg B.velezensis YFI-E109 were fed to the fish with initial weight(3.07±0.08 g)in a recirculating aquaculture system for six weeks with three replicates,respectively.Probiotic effects were analyzed based on growth,body composition,liver and gut morphology,gut microbiome,and liver metabolome.Analysis of the bacterial genome has shown that the most abundant genes in B.velezensis YFI-E109 were distributed in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.Fish in groups B3 and B4 had better growth performance,and higher intestinal amylase(AMS)and lipase(LPS)activities compared with other groups(P<0.05).Fish in groups B0 and B5 showed significant liver damage,while this status improved in group B3.The liver malondialdehyde(MDA)content in group B3 was lower than that in other groups(P<0.05).The abundance of Mycoplasma,Ralstonia and Acinetobacter was significantly reduced in B3 and B5 compared to B0.The amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism pathways were enriched in group B3 compared with group B0.In conclusion,dietary B.velezensis YFI-E109 supplementation has the potential to improve growth,liver metabolism,and liver and gut health,and reshape the gut microbiome of hybrid yellow catfish.Excessive B.velezensis YFI-E109 reduced the prebiotic effects.The recommended dietary supplementation of B.velezensis YFI-E109 is 0.31×10^(10) to 0.77×10^(11)CFU/kg for hybrid yellow catfish according to the quadratic regression method by plotting specific growth rate(SGR),feed conversion ratio(FCR),MDA and activities of AMS against dietary B.velezensis YFI-E109 levels.

VdMKK1-mediated cell wall integrity is essential for virulence in vascular wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae

The fungal cell wall is the front-line in host-pathogen interactions,which is an essential dynamic structure maintaining cellular integrity and protecting the fungal cell from external aggressors,such as environmental stress,or during host infection(Geoghegan et al.,2017;Gow et al.,2017).Its synthesizing and remodeling/reinforcement are controlled by the cell wall integrity(CWl)pathway(Riquelme et al.,2018).The CWI pathway is a conserved signalling transduction cascade and is well characterized in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.In phytopathogenic fungi,it exhibits more speciesspecific functions to suit their distinct invasion strategies.For many appressorium-forming plant pathogens such as the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioide,CWl pathway regulates the development and functioning of appressorium,which is required for pathogenicity(Jeon et al.,2008;Yin et al.,2016,2020;Fang et al.,2018).

黄河流域文物保护单位空间分布特征及其影响因素

文物保护单位是历史时期区域科技、文化、生产、生活等信息的反映载体。运用核密度估算、最近邻指数、标准差椭圆等方法对黄河流域2078处国家重点文保单位的空间密度、集散与方向特征给予分析,并运用地理探测器模型探索得出其空间分布的影响因素与交互作用。结果表明:(1)空间密度上,文保单位在黄河流域整体上呈现东密西疏、连片分布的空间特征,核心区数量由史前时期到近代以来呈现波动变化的发展趋势。(2)集散类型上,文保单位的最近临指数为0.38,属于集聚型分布类型。(3)方向特征上,文保单位在黄河流域多呈现东北—西南方向分布,但魏晋南北朝时期旋转角为89.85°,东西横向特征最明显。标准差椭圆重心整体上位于山西省运城市稷山县境内,但从史前时期到近代以来重心轨迹呈现西南—东北往复移动以及山西—陕西交替变化的特征。(4)文化事业经费、河网密度、年末人口数、非遗项目数量和A级景区数量均是黄河流域文保单位空间分布的主导因素,此外,影响因素两两交互作用后多表现出非线性增强或双因子增强型关系,与独立作用时相比更具有空间分布的解释力。

大丽轮枝菌微丝荧光标记载体构建及应用

微丝在真菌生长发育、胞质分裂等生命过程中具有重要功能。通过农杆菌介导遗传转化方法,将荧光mCherry标记微丝的表达载体pSULPH-Lifeact-mCherry转入大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae Kleb.)野生型V592,获得稳定的微丝荧光标记菌株V592/Lifeact-mCherry,并检测了其生物学表型和孢子萌发、菌丝生长等过程中的微丝荧光动态变化。结果表明:微丝荧光标记菌株的菌落形态、生长速率、产孢量、萌发率等表型与野生型没有显著差异;且可以观察到微丝荧光信号在分生孢子和菌丝的顶端及隔膜都有清晰定位,同时对该菌株隔膜形成过程微丝动态观察发现,微丝参与胞质分裂进程中肌动球蛋白收缩环CAR (Contractile actomyosin ring)的形成。微丝荧光标记菌株可用于微丝在真菌发育中的动力学研究,这为深入研究微丝在真菌发育及致病过程中的作用机制提供理论与实践支撑。

Pharmacokinetic evaluation of Shenfu Injection in beagle dogs after intravenous drip administration

Shenfu Injection(SFI) is a well-defined Chinese herbal formulation that is obtained from red ginseng and processed aconite root. The main active constituents in SFI are ginsenosides and aconitum alkaloids. In this work, ginsenosides(ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rc) and aconitum alkaloids(benzoylmesaconine and fuziline) were used as the index components to explore the pharmacokinetic behavior of SFI. A selective and sensitive HPLC–MS/MS method was developed for the quantification of ginsenosides and aconitum alkaloids in dog plasma and was used to characterize the pharmacokinetics of the five index components after intravenous drip of three different dosages of SFI in beagle dogs. The pharmacokinetic properties of the index components were linear over the dose range of2–8 m L/kg.

Kinesin-4 Functions in Vesicular Transport on Cortical Microtubules and Regulates Cell Wall Mechanics during Cell Elongation in Plants

In plants, anisotropic cell expansion depends on cortical microtubules that serve as tracks along which macromolecules and vesicles are transported by the motor kinesins of unknown identities. We used cotton （Gossypium hirsutum） fibers that underwent robust elongation to discover kinesins that are involved in cell elongation and found Gh KINESIN-4A expressed abundantly. The motor was detected by immunofluores- cence on vesicle-like structures that were associated with cortical microtubules. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the orthologous motor At KINESIN-4A/FRA1, previously implicated in cellulose deposition during second- ary growth in fiber cells, was examined by live-cell imaging in cells expressing the fluorescently tagged functional protein. The motor decorated vesicle-like particles that exhibit a linear movement along cortical microtubules with an average velocity of 0.89 l^m/min, which was significantly different from those linked to cellulose biosynthesis. We also discovered that At KINESIN-4A/FRA1 and the related At KINESIN-4C play redundant roles in cell wall mechanics, cell elongation, and the axial growth of various vegetative and reproductive organs, as the loss of At KINESIN-4C greatly enhanced the defects caused by a null mutation at the KINESIN-4A/FRA 1 locus. The double mutant displayed a lack of cell wall softening at normal stages of rapid cell elongation. Furthermore, enhanced deposition of arabinose-containing carbohydrate was detected in the kinesin-4 mutants. Our findings established a connection between the Kinesin-4-based transport of cargoes containing non-cellulosic components along cortical microtubules and cell wall mechanics and cell elongation in flowering plants.

Relationships between endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women

Objective:To investigate the relationships between endothelial nitric oxide synthases(eNOS) G894T and 27 bpvariable number tandem repeat(VNTR) gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis in the postmenopausal women of Chinese Han nationality.Methods:In the present study,281 postmenopausal women from Xi'an urban area in West China were recruited,and divided into osteoporosis,osteopenia,and normal groups according to the diagnostic criteria of osteoporosis proposed by World Health Organization(WHO).The bone mineral density(BMD) values of lumbar vertebrae and left hips were determined by QDR-2000 dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.Blood samples were tested for plasma biochemical indicators including testosterone,estradiol,calcitonin,osteocalcin,and procollagen type I amino-terminal propeptide by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase by spectrophotometric method,and the content of nitric oxide by Griess method.Genome DNA was extracted from whole blood,and G894T polymorphism of eNOS gene was analyzed by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) method and 27 bp-VNTR polymorphism of eNOS gene was genotyped by PCR method.Then the relationships between genotypes and biochemical indicators,genotypes and osteoporosis,and haplotypes and osteoporosis were analyzed.Results:The average BMD values of the femoral neck,ward's triangle and lumbar vertebrae 1～4(L1～L4) in the subjects with T/T genotype in eNOS G894T locus were significantly higher than those in the subjects with G/T and G/G genotypes(P<0.05).The average BMD of the femoral neck in the subjects with a/a genotype of eNOS 27 bp-VNTR locus was evidently higher than that in the subjects with b/b genotype(P<0.05).The plasma testosterone and os-teocalcin concentrations in the subjects of eNOS G894T G/T genotype were evidently higher than those in the subjects of other genotypes(P<0.05);the plasma estradiol concentration in the subjects of eNOS 27 bp-VNTR a/a genotype was obviously higher than that in the subjects of b/b genotype(P<0.01).eNOS G/G homozygous frequencies in osteoporosis women,osteopenia women,and normal women were 85.37%,76.38%,and 83.87%,respectively(P>0.05).0% osteoporosis woman,0.79% osteopenia women,and 3.23% normal women were eNOS a/a homozygous(P<0.05).The frequencies of eNOS 27 bp-VNTR a allele were 5.33% in the osteoporosis group,10.24% in the osteopenia group,and 16.13% in the normal group(P<0.05,odds ratio(OR)=0.29,95% confidence interval(CI)=0.11～0.77),suggesting that a/a genotype and a allele might have protective effects on osteoporosis.The haplotype analysis showed that G-b was 87.7%(214/244) in the osteoporosis group(P<0.05,OR=2.48,95% CI=1.18～5.18).G-a was 5.3%(13/244) in the osteoporosis group(P<0.05,OR=0.29,95% CI=0.11～0.77).G-b was a risk factor for osteoporosis,and G-a a protective factor.Conclusion:eNOS G894T G/T genotype influenced the plasma testosterone and osteocalcin concentrations,and T/T genotype influenced BMD.eNOS 27 bp-VNTR a/a genotype increased plasma estradiol concentration to have a protective effect on osteoporosis.

Towards a better recording of microtubule cytoskeletal spatial organization and dynamics in plant cells

Numerous fluorescent marker lines are currently available to visualize microtubule(MT)architecture and dynamics in living plant cells, such as markers expressing p35S::GFP-MBD or p35S::GFP-TUB6.However, these MT marker lines display obvious defects that affect plant growth or produce unstable fluorescent signals. Here, a series of new marker lines were developed, including the pTUB6::VisGreen-TUB6-expressing line in which TUB6 is under the control of its endogenous regulatory elements and e GFP is replaced with VisGreen, a brighter fluorescent protein. Moreover, two different markers were combined into one expression vector and developed two dual-marker lines.These marker lines produce bright, stable fluorescent signals in various tissues, and greatly shorten the screening process for generating dual-marker lines.These new marker lines provide a novel resource for MT research.

In memory of Prof. C. C. Li

Professor Ching Chun Li (C. C. Li), one of the greatest geneticists in the world and a pioneer of genetics in China, passed away fifteen years ago (Fig. 1). Let us remember him together.**Do you know who the greatest, world-renown Chinese geneticist is?" The answer,**C. C. Li, of course!” would puzzle most, if not all, of us;many in our generation don't know Who is Who (Atte ntion! Li, not Lee, the latter of which was gen erally used as the general spelli ng of that gen eration)(Fig. 2).