Preliminary exploration of the mechanism of compound Qinlan oral liquid against new coronavirus pneumonia based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology

Objective:Applying Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)network pharmacology and molecular docking technology to explore the mechanism of anti-coronary virus pneumonia(Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19)of Compound Qinlan oral liquid.Methods:Traditional Chinese Medicines Integrated Database(TCMID),Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology(TCMSP),OMIM,GeneCards,String and others online databases were used for building a series of networks,and selecting the core targets and analyzing the signal pathways.Finally,Discovery Studio 2016 software was used to conduct molecular docking of the main compounds(Chinese Medicine Legal Quality Control Compound)of Compound Qinlan oral liquid with key targets ACE2,3CLpro,etc.Results:the results showed that Compound Qinlan oral liquid has specific effects in lung,heart and stomach diseases.The Compound Qinlan oral liquid compound-pneumonia target network contained 98 compounds and 184 corresponding targets,and the core targets involved INS,TP53,IL6,VEGFA,ALB and JUN.GO(GeneOntology)function enrichment analysis yielded 653 GO entries,and KEGG(KyotoEncyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)enrichment screening yielded 112 related pathways,including hypoxia inducible factor-1(HIF-1)and Toll-like receptor(TLRs)signaling pathway related to pneumonia,as well as Influenza A signaling pathway and Hepatitis B signaling pathway related to microbial infection.The results of molecular docking show that Isochlorogenic acid C,Baicalein,etc have good binding capacity with ACE2,3CLpro,AKT1 and other proteins.Conclusion:In this paper,we preliminarily explored the potential therapeutic mechanism for Compound Qinlan oral liquid to against coronavirus pneumonia(COVID-19)and predicted the active ingredients.We hope that the results will help to further study on the active ingredients and mechanism of Compound Qinlan oral liquid for anti-COVID-19.

青藏高原盆栽一年生和多年生豆科牧草对土壤线虫群落的影响

查明一年生及多年生豆科牧草对土壤线虫群落的影响,可为青藏高原地区科学种植豆科牧草提供技术支撑。作者于2020–2022年在川西北红原县盆栽种植一年生光叶紫花苕(Viciavillosa,VV)和多年生紫花苜蓿(Medicagosativa,MS),以天然草地的植物作对照(control,CK)。每年9月下旬对土壤线虫组成、密度、多样性和营养类群,植物的高度、盖度、生物量及土壤理化性质进行调查。结果表明:(1)3种处理间的线虫群落组成结构存在差异,并随年际变化而增大;(2)光叶紫花苕的土壤线虫群落密度显著高于紫花苜蓿和对照,紫花苜蓿的线虫类群数和Shannon-Wiener指数显著高于光叶紫花苕和对照;随着年际变化,光叶紫花苕的线虫类群数及Shannon-Wiener指数、紫花苜蓿的线虫密度及Shannon-Wiener指数均显著下降;(3)光叶紫花苕的食真菌和植物寄生线虫密度显著高于紫花苜蓿和对照,捕食杂食线虫相对密度显著低于紫花苜蓿和对照;紫花苜蓿的植物寄生线虫相对密度显著低于光叶紫花苕和对照;随年际变化,光叶紫花苕的食细菌和植物寄生线虫相对密度分别显著下降和上升,紫花苜蓿和对照的食细菌线虫和食真菌线虫密度及食细菌线虫相对密度显著下降,捕食杂食线虫相对密度显著上升;(4)光叶紫花苕线虫群落的基础指数、结构指数和通道指数显著高于紫花苜蓿;(5)影响土壤线虫群落的主要环境因子主要为土壤pH、有效钾和植物群落高度、盖度和地上生物量。研究结果表明,一年生和多年生豆科牧草分别有利于维持较高的线虫群落密度和多样性,二者间作可能有利于提高线虫群落密度、多样性及生态功能。

A host E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates Salmonella virulence by targeting an SPI-2 effector involved in SIF biogenesis

Salmonella Typhimurium creates an intracellular niche for its replication by utilizing a large cohort of effectors,including several that function to interfere with host ubiquitin signaling.Although the mechanism of action of many such effectors has been elucidated,how the interplay between the host ubiquitin network and bacterial virulence factors dictates the outcome of infection largely remains undefined.In this study,we found that the SPI‐2 effector SseK3 inhibits SNARE pairing to promote the formation of a Salmonella‐induced filament by Arg‐GlcNAcylation of SNARE proteins,including SNAP25,VAMP8,and Syntaxin.Further study reveals that host cells counteract the activity of SseK3 by inducing the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM32,which catalyzes K48‐linked ubiquitination on SseK3 and targets its membrane‐associated portion for degradation.Hence,TRIM32 antagonizes SNAP25 Arg‐GlcNAcylation induced by SseK3 to restrict Salmonella‐induced filament biogenesis and Salmonella replication.Our study reveals a mechanism by which host cells inhibit bacterial replication by eliminating specific virulence factors.

Irrational-Behavior-Proof Conditions Based on Limit Characteristic Functions

Irrational-behavior-proof(IBP) conditions are important aspects to keep stable cooperation in dynamic cooperative games. In this paper, we focus on the establishment of IBP conditions.Firstly, the relations of three kinds of IBP conditions are described. An example is given to show that they may not hold, which could lead to the fail of cooperation. Then, based on a kind of limit characteristic function, all these conditions are proved to be true along the cooperative trajectory in a transformed cooperative game. It is surprising that these facts depend only upon the individual rationalities of players for the Shapley value and the group rationalities of players for the core. Finally,an illustrative example is given.

Soil macrofaunal communities develop a habitat-specific trophic structure dependent on the degree of degradation of alpine wetlands

The alpine wetlands in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau have degraded in recent decades.However,the response of the soil food web to the degradation is still unclear.Four habitats including a wet meadow(WM),a grassland meadow(GM),a moderately degraded meadow(MDM)and a severely degraded meadow(SDM)(sandy meadows)were selected along the degrees of degradation.The soil macrofaunal biomass and the environmental factors of vegetation and soil were investigated.The soil macrofaunal community biomass increased significantly from WMto MDM and decreasedto a very small amount in SDM,with most taxa disappearing.The biomass of the trophic groups of detritivores,herbivores and predators exhibited similar responses to soil macrofaunal communities.The relative biomass of detritivores increased from WM to MDM,but herbivores responded in an opposite manner,resulting in the dominant trophic group and trophic structure varying progressively from WM to GM to MDM.Soil properties but not vegetation determined the changes in trophic groups and trophic structure.The results implied that the higher trophic levels(carnivores or omnivores)responded more sensitively than the lower trophic levels(herbivores)to alpine wetland degradation.Our results also suggested that soil macrofauna have a habitat-specific characteristic trophic structure and can be used as indicators of soil health conditions.