Characteristics of recipients with complete immunosuppressant withdrawal after adult liver transplantation

To the Editor:Liver transplantation(LT)is an effective therapeutic method for end-stage liver diseases.Although rejection is commonly mild or moderate in LT compared with other solid organs transplantation,it is still requiring a life-long immunosuppressive therapy.Meanwhile,LT is less sensitive to rejection than other organs transplantation due to liver immune privilege which even allows

Lower tacrolimus trough levels in the late period after living donorliver transplantation contribute to improvements in long-term clinicaloutcomes

Background： Previous studies have emphasized the need to reduce tacrolimus （TAC） trough levels in theearly post-liver transplantation （LT） period. However, whether late-period TAC trough levels influence the long-term outcomes of liver recipients is not clear.

Ultrasound-guided in vivo porcine liver ablation with nanosecond pulsed electric fields

To the Editor:In recent decades,local ablative therapies have evolved considerably and played an increasingly important role in the treatment of inoperable tumors.Conventional modalities are mainly based on thermal ablation to destroy targeted lesions,such as radiofrequency ablation[1].The clinical application of pulsed electric fields[2]is emerging as an innovative and promising technique for tumor ablation,which does not depend on heat energy and preserves surrounding tissues adjacent to tumors[3].Highvoltage ultrashort electric pulses compromise the integrity of the plasma membrane and destroy intracellular homeostasis.Nanosecond pulsed electric fields(nsPEFs),with a strength of several tens of kV/cm and a nanosecond duration,have attracted much attention and been extensively studied in cancer ablation[4,5].

Bcl-2 enhances the formation of newborn striatal long-projection neurons in adult rat brain after a transient ischemic stroke

Objective It has been reported that B-cell lymphoma 2 （Bcl-2） enhances neurogenesis as well as supporting axonal growth after injury. In the present study, we investigated whether Bcl-2 overexpression plays a role in the formation of newborn striatonigral projection neurons in the adult rat brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO）. Methods We infused human Bcl-2-expressing plasmid （pBcl-2） into the lateral ventricle immediately after 30 min of MCAO, injected 5＇-bromodeoxyuridine （BrdU） intraperitoneally to label proliferative cells, and microinjected fluorogold （FG） into the substantia nigra at 11 weeks of reperfusion followed by multiple immunostaining of striatonigral projection neurons at 12 weeks. Results We found that pBcl-2 treatment significantly increased the number of newborn neurons （BrdU＋-NeuN＋） in the striatum ipsilateral to the MCAO. We further detected newborn striatonigral projection neurons （BrdU＋-FG＋-NeuN＋） in the ipsilateral striatum at 12 weeks. More interestingly, the number of newborn striatonigral projection neurons （BrdU＋-FG＋） was significantly increased by pBcl-2 treatment compared to that by pEGFP, a control plasmid. Conclusion Taken together, we found that Bcl-2 overexpression in the brain enhanced the generation of newborn striatonigral projection neurons. This provides a potential strategy for promoting the reestablishment of neural networks and brain repair after ischemic injury.

Symmetry of the Point Spectrum of Infinite Dimensional Hamiltonian Operators and Its Applications

This paper studies the symmetry, with respect to the real axis, of the point spectrum of the upper triangular infinite dimensional Hamiltonian operator H. Note that the point spectrum of H can be described as σp（H） = σp （A） U σp1 （-A＊）. Using the characteristic of the set σp1（-A＊）, we divide the point spectrum σp （d） of A into three disjoint parts. Then, a necessary and sufficient condition is obtained under which σp1（-A＊） and one part of σp（A） are symmetric with respect to the real axis each other. Based on this result, the symmetry of σp（H） is completely given. Moreover, the above result is applied to thin plates on elastic foundation, plane elasticity problems and harmonic equations.

Left Invertible Completions of Upper Triangular Operator Matrices with Unbounded Entries

Given two closed, in general unbounded, operators A and C, we investigate the left invertible completion of the partial operator matrix A ？ 0 C. Based on the space decomposition technique, the alternative sufficient and necessary conditions are given according to whether the dimension of R（A）⊥ is finite or infinite.As a direct consequence, the perturbation of left spectra is further presented.