Single-atom catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide into hydrocarbons and oxygenates

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide offers a sound and economically viable technology for the electrification and decarbonization of the chemical and fuel industries.In this technology,an electrocatalytic material and renewable energy-generated electricity drive the conversion of carbon dioxide into high-value chemicals and carbon-neutral fuels.Over the past few years,single-atom catalysts have been intensively studied as they could provide near-unity atom utilization and unique catalytic performance.Single-atom catalysts have become one of the state-of-the-art catalyst materials for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide.However,it remains a challenge for single-atom catalysts to facilitate the efficient conversion of carbon dioxide into products beyond carbon monoxide.In this review,we summarize and present important findings and critical insights from studies on the electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction into hydrocarbons and oxygenates using single-atom catalysts.It is hoped that this review gives a thorough recapitulation and analysis of the science behind the catalysis of carbon dioxide into more reduced products through singleatom catalysts so that it can be a guide for future research and development on catalysts with industry-ready performance for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide into high-value chemicals and carbon-neutral fuels.

Ethnic differences in gastric cancer genetic susceptibility:Allele flips of interleukin gene

Polymorphisms in promoter regions of inflammatory cytokines have been widely studied,and potentially functional polymorphisms have been discovered.Conflicting results from meta-analyses of interleukin(IL)-1B and IL-10 polymorphisms show differences in gastric cancer susceptibilities between Caucasian and Asian populations.In particular,we note the suggestion of an allele flip in IL-1B and IL-10 gene polymorphisms.In Asian populations,the IL-1B-1464G/-511C/-31T haplotype indicates risk for gastric cancer,while the opposite haplotype,IL-1B-1464C/-511T/-31C is the risk-related allele in Caucasians.Furthermore,while IL-10-1082G/-819C/-592C is associated with gastric cancer in Asians,IL-10-1082A/-819T/-592T is linked to gastric cancer risk in Caucasians.These seemingly contradictory results may be attributed to distinct carcinogenic mechanisms underlying the different gastric cancer subtypes.The allele flip observed in IL-10 and gastric cancer appears to reflect allelic heterogeneity,similar to that observed in IL-1B.In this review,we focus on the allele flip phenomenon observed between different ethnic groups in an effort to resolve certain controversial results from recent studies on interleukin polymorphism.In addition,we re-emphasize the importance of stratifying gastric cancer subtypes based on anatomical site and Lauren classification to prevent false associations arising through dilution of true ones.