Influence of Crop Nutrition on Grain Yield,Seed Quality and Water Productivity under Two Rice Cultivation Systems

The system of rice intensification （SRI） is reported to have advantages like lower seed requirement,less pest attack,shorter crop duration,higher water use efficiency and the ability to withstand higher degree of moisture stress than traditional method of rice cultivation.With this background,SRI was compared with traditional transplanting technique at Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi,India during two wet seasons （2009-2011）.In the experiment laid out in a factorial randomized block design,two methods of rice cultivation [conventional transplanting （CT） and SRI] and two rice varieties （Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa 44） were used under seven crop nutrition treatments,viz.T 1,120 kg/hm2 N,26.2 kg/hm2 P and 33 kg/hm2 K;T 2,20 t/hm2 farmyard manure （FYM）;T 3,10 t/hm2 FYM＋ 60 kg/hm2 N;T 4,5 t/hm2 FYM＋ 90 kg/hm2 N;T 5,5 t/hm2 FYM＋ 60 kg/hm2 N＋ 1.5 kg/hm2 blue green algae （BGA）;T 6,5 t/hm2 FYM＋ 60 kg/hm2 N＋ 1.0 t/hm2 Azolla,and T 7,N 0 P 0 K 0 （control,no NPK application） to study the effect on seed quality,yield and water use.In SRI,soil was kept at saturated moisture condition throughout vegetative phase and thin layer of water （2-3 cm） was maintained during the reproductive phase of rice,however,in CT,standing water was maintained in crop growing season.Results revealed that CT and SRI gave statistically at par grain yield but straw yield was significantly higher in CT as compared to SRI.Seed quality was superior in SRI as compared to CT.Integrated nutrient management （INM） resulted in higher plant height with longer leaves than chemical fertilizer alone in both the rice varieties.Grain yield attributes such as number of effective tillers per hill,panicle length and panicle weight of rice in both the varieties were significantly higher in INM as compared to chemical fertilizer alone.Grain yields of both the varieties were the highest in INM followed by the recommended doses of chemical fertilizer.The grain yield and its attributes of Pusa 44 were significantly higher than those of Pusa Basmati 1.The seed quality parameters like germination rate and vigor index as well as N uptake and soil organic carbon content were higher in INM than those in chemical fertilizer alone.CT rice used higher amount of water than SRI,with water saving of 37.6% to 34.5% in SRI.Significantly higher water productivity was recorded in SRI as compared to CT rice.

Use of antibacterial sutures for skin closure in controlling surgical site infections: a systematic review of published randomized, controlled trials

Objective:The objective of this article is to systematically analyse the randomized,controlled trials that compare the use of antibacterial sutures(ABS)for skin closure in controlling surgical site infections.Methods:Randomized,controlled trials on surgical patients comparing the use of ABS for skin closure in controlling the surgical site infections were analysed systematically using RevMan^(■)and combined outcomes were expressed as odds ratios(OR)and standardized mean differences(SMD).Results:Seven randomized,controlled trials evaluating 1631 patients were retrieved from electronic databases.There were 760 patients in the ABS group and 871 patients in the simple suture group.There was moderate heterogeneity among trials(Tau^(2)=0.12;chi^(2)=8.40,df=6[P<0.01];I^(2)=29%).Therefore in the random-effects model,the use of ABS for skin closure in surgical patients was associated with a reduced risk of developing surgical site infections(OR,0.16;95%CI,0.37,0.99;z=2.02;P<0.04)and postoperative complications(OR,0.56;95%CI,0.32,0.98 z=2.04;P=0.04).The durations of operation and lengths of hospital stay were similar following the use of ABS and SS for skin closure in patients undergoing various surgical procedures.Conclusion:Use of ABS for skin closure in surgical patients is effective in reducing the risk of surgical site infection and postoperative complications.ABS is comparable with SS in terms of length of hospital stay and duration of operation.

Open transinguinal preperitoneal mesh repair of inguinal hernia:a targeted systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials

Objective:The objective of this article is to systematically analyse the randomized,controlled trials comparing transinguinal preperitoneal(TIPP)and Lichtenstein repair(LR)for inguinal hernia.Methods:Randomized,controlled trials comparing TIPP vs LR were analysed systematically using RevMan®and combined outcomes were expressed as risk ratio(RR)and standardized mean difference.Results:Twelve randomized trials evaluating 1437 patients were retrieved from the electronic databases.There were 714 patients in the TIPP repair group and 723 patients in the LR group.There was significant heterogeneity among trials(P<0.0001).Therefore,in the random effects model,TIPP repair was associated with a reduced risk of developing chronic groin pain(RR,0.48;95%CI,0.26,0.89;z=2.33;P<0.02)without influencing the incidence of inguinal hernia recurrence(RR,0.18;95%CI,0.36,1.83;z=0.51;P=0.61).Risk of developing postoperative complications and moderate-to-severe postoperative pain was similar following TIPP repair and LR.In addition,duration of operation was statistically similar in both groups.Conclusion:TIPP repair for inguinal hernia is associated with lower risk of developing chronic groin pain.It is comparable with LR in terms of risk of hernia recurrence,postoperative complications,duration of operation and intensity of postoperative pain.