The Finite Beta Effects on the Toroidal Field Ripple in a Tokamak Plasma

The efficiency of energetic ion confinement is reduced in a tokamak plasma by the non-axisymmetric field, namely the ripple field. The ripple field is produced by a finite number of toroidal field coils. It is affected by the non-axisymmetric finite beta effect. The three-dimensional MHD equilibrium calculation code VMEC is used to analyze the non-axisymmetric finite beta effect in a ripple tokamak. In the VMEC code, the flux coordinates are used, so the calculation region is limited to the area of plasma. To calculate the orbit outside the plasma, we develop a field calculation code, which is based on the Biot-Savart law. The details of the method and results are described in this paper.

由N′-酰基-N-苯肼引起的“肼效应”的机理

N′-酰基N-苯肼引起增加卤化银颗粒照相显影的速度和反差,这个“肼效应”归因于一个强烈成核剂的苯基二氮化物的形成,全部机理以三个连续反应过程来说明。即(1)N′-酰基N-苯肼的氧化作用,(2)通过碱催化的水解作用,在N′-酰基N-苯肼上除去N′-酰基和(3)苯基二氮化物对未曝光或低曝光的卤化银颗粒的成核作用。N′-酰基N-苯肼的氧化作用受到显影剂氧化产物如对苯醌和对苯醌2-单磺酸盐的影响,三个反应中的过程(2)的速率受到N′-酰基和显影剂碱性的影响。