Interaction between Earthworms and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plants:A Review

Different kinds of soil animals and microorganisms inhabit the plant rhizosphere,which function closely to plant roots.Of them,arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and earthworms play a critical role in sustaining the soilplant health.Earthworms and AMF belong to the soil community and are soil beneficial organisms at different trophic levels.Both of them improve soil fertility and structural development,collectively promoting plant growth and nutrient acquisition capacity.Earthworm activities redistribute mycorrhizal fungi spores and give diversified effects on root mycorrhizal fungal colonization.Dual inoculation with both earthworms and AMF strongly magnifies the response on plant growth through increased soil enzyme activities and changes in soil nutrient availability,collectively mitigating the negative effects of heavy metal pollution in plants and soils.This thus enhances phytoremediation and plant disease resistance.This review simply outlines the effects of earthworms and AMF on the soil-plant relationship.The effects of earthworms on root AMF colonization and activities are also analyzed.This paper also summarizes the interaction between earthworms and AMF on plants along with suggested future research.

AP-1 and SP1 trans-activate the expression of hepatic CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 in the bioactivation of AFB1 in chicken

Dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1(AFB1)is harmful to the health and performance of domestic animals.The hepatic cytochrome P450s(CYPs),CYP1A1 and CYP2A6,are the primary enzymes responsible for the bioactivation of AFB1to the highly toxic exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide(AFBO)in chicks.However,the transcriptional regulation mechanism of these CYP genes in the liver of chicks in AFB1metabolism remains unknown.Dual-luciferase reporter assay,bioinformatics and site-directed mutation results indicated that specificity protein 1(SP1)and activator protein-1(AP-1)motifs were located in the core region-1,063/-948,-606/-541 of the CYP1A1 promoter as well as-636/-595,-503/-462,-147/-1 of the CYP2A6 promoter.Furthermore,overexpression and decoy oligodeoxynucleotide technologies demonstrated that SP1 and AP-1 were pivotal transcriptional activators regulating the promoter activity of CYP1A1 and CYP2A6.Moreover,bioactivation of AFB1to AFBO could be increased by upregulation of CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 expression,which was trans-activated owing to the upregulation of AP-1,rather than SP1,stimulated by AFB1-induced reactive oxygen species.Additionally,nano-selenium could reduce ROS,downregulate AP-1 expression and then decrease the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP2A6,thus alleviating the toxicity of AFB1.In conclusion,AP-1 and SP1 played important roles in the transactivation of CYP1A1 and CYP2A6 expression and further bioactivated AFB1to AFBO in chicken liver,which could provide novel targets for the remediation of aflatoxicosis in chicks.