Background: Depression is a typical psychosomatic disease. Shuganheweitang (SGHWT) is a clinical formula that effectively treats depression. However, the potential mechanism used by SGHWT to ameliorate depression-like...Background: Depression is a typical psychosomatic disease. Shuganheweitang (SGHWT) is a clinical formula that effectively treats depression. However, the potential mechanism used by SGHWT to ameliorate depression-like behaviors is still unclear. This study investigated the effects of SGHWT on metabolic change in the liver and hypothalamus with signaling pathways involved in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression in rats to explore the mechanism of the anti-depressive effect. Methods: A total of 52 rats were used to create a model of depression by CUMS combined with solitary rearing for 6 weeks. Open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), forced swim test (FST), and body weight (BW) were performed to analyze the pharmacodynamic effects of SGHWT. H&E staining, Nissl staining, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and western blot were used to evaluate the mechanism of action. Untargeted metabolomics techniques by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quantitative time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) were used to analyze all the metabolic differences in the liver and hypothalamus. Results: SGHWT improved CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors in vivo. SGHWT reduced hepatic c-Fos protein expression and increased hypothalamic c-Fos protein expression. Moreover, p-PI3K, p-AKT473, p-AKT308, and p-mTOR protein expressions were significantly downregulated in the liver and hypothalamus of CUMS rats. Notably, these alterations were reversed by the SGHWT administration. Furthermore, the metabolomic analysis identified 15 and 5 key differential SPT-associated metabolites in the liver and hypothalamus, respectively. Conclusion: This study suggests that SGHWT ameliorates chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression-like behaviors, by the involvement of amino acids, glycerophospholipids, energy metabolism, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Highlights: 1) Shuganheweitang was derived from the TCM herbal formula Sinisan. 2) SGHWT treatment reverses depression-like behaviors in CUMS-induced rats. 3) The mechanism of SGHWT on depression by the liver and hypothalamus metabolomics. 4) SGHWT regulates amino acids, glycerophospholipids, and energy metabolism. 5) SGHWT exerts antidepressant effects through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.展开更多
Photo-generated carrier recombination loss at the CZTSSe/Cd S front interface is a key issue to the opencircuit voltage(V_(OC)) deficit of Cu_(2)ZnSnS_(x)Se_(4-x)(CZTSSe) solar cells. Here, by the aid of an easy-handl...Photo-generated carrier recombination loss at the CZTSSe/Cd S front interface is a key issue to the opencircuit voltage(V_(OC)) deficit of Cu_(2)ZnSnS_(x)Se_(4-x)(CZTSSe) solar cells. Here, by the aid of an easy-handling spin-coating method, a thin PCBM([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) layer as an electron extraction layer has been introduced on the top of CdS buffer layer to modify CZTSSe/CdS/ZnO-ITO(In_(2)O_(3):Sn) interfacial properties. Based on Sn^(4+)/DMSO(dimethyl sulfoxide) solution system, a totalarea efficiency of 12.87% with a VOC of 529 m V has been achieved. A comprehensive investigation on the influence of PCBM layer on carrier extraction, transportation and recombination processes has been carried out. It is found that the PCBM layer can smooth over the Cd S film roughness, thus beneficial for a dense and flat window layer. Furthermore, this CZTSSe/Cd S/PCBM heterostructure can accelerate carrier separation and extraction and block holes from the front interface as well, which is mainly ascribed to the downward band bending of the absorber and a widened space charge region. Our work provides a feasible way to improve the front interfacial property and the cell performance of CZTSSe solar cells by the aid of organic interfacial materials.展开更多
Moment tensor solution, rupture process and rupture characteristics of the great Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake are studied by using 39 long-period P and SH waveforms with evenly azimuth coverage of stations. Our results re...Moment tensor solution, rupture process and rupture characteristics of the great Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake are studied by using 39 long-period P and SH waveforms with evenly azimuth coverage of stations. Our results reveal that the Wenchuan M8.0 event consisted of 5 sub-events of Mw≥7.3 occurring succesively in time and space. Rupture started with a Mw7.3 introductory strike-slip faulting in the first 12 s, then within 12?40 s, two sub-events with Mw7.6 and Mw7.4 occurred within 80 km northeast from the initial point with the dominant rupture type of thrust moving. From 40 to 62 s, a Mw7.5 and Mw7.4 right-lateral strike-slip type of sub-events occurred on the two sides of Beichuan, 120 km away northeast from the initial point. The whole rupture process lasted 105 s and unilaterally propagated from the initial point on the WS section of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault to the NE direction, resulting in a 230-km-long surface rupture zone and the average surface dislocation is up to 4 m. Two asperities are identified and the whole rupture process is formed by WS and NE parts. In the WS part named Dujiangyang-Wenchuan, where the initial point is located, the rupture process showed reverse faulting with the maximum slip of 8.2 m. Around Mianzhu, rupture changed to right-lateral strike slip faulting and formed a Beichuan-Qingchuan large slip area. The rupture area on this part is about 10 km in depth, shallower than on the WS part. The maximum slip is 6.53 m. Consequently, there formed 2 segments with the surface dislocation larger than 6 m. One is the Dujiangyan-Wenchuan segment with the maximum surface displacement of 6.44 m, the other is the Beichuan-Qingchuan segment with the maximum surface displacement of 6.53 m. This segmentation may have its geological and tectonic background.展开更多
文摘Background: Depression is a typical psychosomatic disease. Shuganheweitang (SGHWT) is a clinical formula that effectively treats depression. However, the potential mechanism used by SGHWT to ameliorate depression-like behaviors is still unclear. This study investigated the effects of SGHWT on metabolic change in the liver and hypothalamus with signaling pathways involved in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression in rats to explore the mechanism of the anti-depressive effect. Methods: A total of 52 rats were used to create a model of depression by CUMS combined with solitary rearing for 6 weeks. Open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), forced swim test (FST), and body weight (BW) were performed to analyze the pharmacodynamic effects of SGHWT. H&E staining, Nissl staining, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and western blot were used to evaluate the mechanism of action. Untargeted metabolomics techniques by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quantitative time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) were used to analyze all the metabolic differences in the liver and hypothalamus. Results: SGHWT improved CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors in vivo. SGHWT reduced hepatic c-Fos protein expression and increased hypothalamic c-Fos protein expression. Moreover, p-PI3K, p-AKT473, p-AKT308, and p-mTOR protein expressions were significantly downregulated in the liver and hypothalamus of CUMS rats. Notably, these alterations were reversed by the SGHWT administration. Furthermore, the metabolomic analysis identified 15 and 5 key differential SPT-associated metabolites in the liver and hypothalamus, respectively. Conclusion: This study suggests that SGHWT ameliorates chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression-like behaviors, by the involvement of amino acids, glycerophospholipids, energy metabolism, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Highlights: 1) Shuganheweitang was derived from the TCM herbal formula Sinisan. 2) SGHWT treatment reverses depression-like behaviors in CUMS-induced rats. 3) The mechanism of SGHWT on depression by the liver and hypothalamus metabolomics. 4) SGHWT regulates amino acids, glycerophospholipids, and energy metabolism. 5) SGHWT exerts antidepressant effects through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2002216,52172261,51627803,51972332,22075150,and U1902218)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFE0118100)。
文摘Photo-generated carrier recombination loss at the CZTSSe/Cd S front interface is a key issue to the opencircuit voltage(V_(OC)) deficit of Cu_(2)ZnSnS_(x)Se_(4-x)(CZTSSe) solar cells. Here, by the aid of an easy-handling spin-coating method, a thin PCBM([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) layer as an electron extraction layer has been introduced on the top of CdS buffer layer to modify CZTSSe/CdS/ZnO-ITO(In_(2)O_(3):Sn) interfacial properties. Based on Sn^(4+)/DMSO(dimethyl sulfoxide) solution system, a totalarea efficiency of 12.87% with a VOC of 529 m V has been achieved. A comprehensive investigation on the influence of PCBM layer on carrier extraction, transportation and recombination processes has been carried out. It is found that the PCBM layer can smooth over the Cd S film roughness, thus beneficial for a dense and flat window layer. Furthermore, this CZTSSe/Cd S/PCBM heterostructure can accelerate carrier separation and extraction and block holes from the front interface as well, which is mainly ascribed to the downward band bending of the absorber and a widened space charge region. Our work provides a feasible way to improve the front interfacial property and the cell performance of CZTSSe solar cells by the aid of organic interfacial materials.
基金supported by the Special Program of Earthquake Profession, China Earthquake Administration (Grant No. 200708026)Basic R&D Project of Institute of Earthquake Science, China Earthquake Administration
文摘Moment tensor solution, rupture process and rupture characteristics of the great Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake are studied by using 39 long-period P and SH waveforms with evenly azimuth coverage of stations. Our results reveal that the Wenchuan M8.0 event consisted of 5 sub-events of Mw≥7.3 occurring succesively in time and space. Rupture started with a Mw7.3 introductory strike-slip faulting in the first 12 s, then within 12?40 s, two sub-events with Mw7.6 and Mw7.4 occurred within 80 km northeast from the initial point with the dominant rupture type of thrust moving. From 40 to 62 s, a Mw7.5 and Mw7.4 right-lateral strike-slip type of sub-events occurred on the two sides of Beichuan, 120 km away northeast from the initial point. The whole rupture process lasted 105 s and unilaterally propagated from the initial point on the WS section of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault to the NE direction, resulting in a 230-km-long surface rupture zone and the average surface dislocation is up to 4 m. Two asperities are identified and the whole rupture process is formed by WS and NE parts. In the WS part named Dujiangyang-Wenchuan, where the initial point is located, the rupture process showed reverse faulting with the maximum slip of 8.2 m. Around Mianzhu, rupture changed to right-lateral strike slip faulting and formed a Beichuan-Qingchuan large slip area. The rupture area on this part is about 10 km in depth, shallower than on the WS part. The maximum slip is 6.53 m. Consequently, there formed 2 segments with the surface dislocation larger than 6 m. One is the Dujiangyan-Wenchuan segment with the maximum surface displacement of 6.44 m, the other is the Beichuan-Qingchuan segment with the maximum surface displacement of 6.53 m. This segmentation may have its geological and tectonic background.
