Effect of low-nitrogen stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with different low-nitrogen tolerances

Nitrogen(N)is a critical element for plant growth and productivity that influences photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence.We investigated the effect of low-N stress on leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with difference in tolerance to low N levels.The low-N tolerant cultivar ZH311 and low-N sensitive cultivar XY508 were used as the test materials.A field experiment(with three N levels:N0,0 kg ha–1;N1,150 kg ha–1;N2,300 kg ha–1)in Jiyanyang,Sichuan Province,China,and a hydroponic experiment(with two N levels:CK,4 mmol L–1;LN,0.04 mmol L–1)in Chengdu,Sichuan Province,China were conducted.Low-N stress significantly decreased chlorophyll content and rapid light response curves of the maximum fluorescence under light(Fm′),fluorescence instable state(Fs),non-photochemical quenching(qN),the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry under dark-adaption(Fv/Fm),potential activity of PSII(Fv/Fo),and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(ΦPSII)of leaves.Further,it increased the chlorophyll(Chl)a/Chl b values and so on.The light compensation point of ZH311 decreased,while that of XY508 increased.The degree of variation of these indices in low-N tolerant cultivars was lower than that in low-N sensitive cultivars,especially at the seedling stage.Maize could increase Chl a/Chl b,apparent quantum yield and light saturation point to adapt to N stress.Compared to low-N sensitive cultivars,low-N tolerant cultivars maintained a higher net photosynthetic rate and electron transport rate to maintain stronger PSII activity,which further promoted the ability to harvest and transfer light.This might be a photosynthetic mechanism by which low-N tolerant cultivar adapt to low-N stress.

28个玉米品种子粒对重金属的吸附特性及苗期敏感性研究

为明确28个玉米品种苗期的耐重金属性和子粒对重金属的吸收特性,本研究通过测定重金属Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu单一胁迫对玉米幼苗株高等11个生理生化指标的影响,评价玉米幼苗对重金属的耐受性。通过测定不同玉米品种在四川省3个生态区的子粒重金属含量,评价子粒的重金属吸附特性。结果表明,根据苗期重金属耐受性可将28个玉米品种分为4类,其中瑞玉612和正红412为强耐重金属品种,正红818等13个品种为耐重金属品种,正红510等5个品种为中等耐重金属品种,中单808等8个品种为重金属敏感型品种。根据子粒对重金属的吸附特性可分为4类,正红205等12个品种子粒重金属含量最低,正红510等3个品种子粒重金属含量最高,瑞玉612等13个品种重金属含量处于中等水平。综合以上结果,正红818等13个品种的苗期重金属耐受性强,且子粒对重金属的吸附低,表明这些品种具有较高的推广应用安全性。

玉米苗期抗旱性杂种优势表现研究

以43个玉米杂交组合及其相应亲本为材料,利用20%PEG-6000溶液在苗期模拟干旱胁迫,研究玉米苗期抗旱性的杂种优势表现,并探讨与亲本间的相关性。结果表明,12个组合存在正向超亲优势,18个组合具有正向中亲优势;以中单808作为对照,13个组合表现为正向对照优势。玉米杂交组合苗期抗旱性和对照优势与母本、父本、高值亲本、低值亲本及亲本均值间的相关性一致,均未到达显著水平,表明玉米杂交组合苗期抗旱性和对照优势与亲本间无明显的相关性,在育种实践中,不能根据亲本抗旱性来预测杂交种的抗旱性。

20%PEG-6000胁迫下54个玉米自交系苗期抗旱性评价

以54个玉米自交系为材料,利用20%PEG-6000溶液对苗期进行干旱胁迫,考察株高、根冠比等9个指标。通过主成分分析筛选指标,再利用隶属函数法计算出综合抗旱值D,根据D值对他们的耐旱性进行评价和聚类分析。结果表明,K186、K123等7个自交系与郑58聚为一类,属于抗旱自交系;K121、K182等25个自交系与昌7-2聚为一类,为中等抗旱自交系;K101、G2490等20个自交系聚为一类,为干旱敏感型自交系。

玉米杂交组合萌发期和苗期抗旱性评价

以45个玉米杂交组合为材料,利用20%PEG-6000溶液分别在萌发期和苗期模拟干旱胁迫,萌发期主要考察发芽率、发芽势等7个指标,苗期考察株高、根冠比等9个指标。利用主成分分析和隶属函数法分析萌发期和苗期的抗旱性表现,探讨2个时期的综合抗旱性。结果表明,根据萌发期抗旱性可将供试组合分为4类,瑞玉617等2个组合属于强抗旱型,正红6号等16个属于抗旱型,正红507等23个属于中等抗旱型,ZH719等4个属于干旱敏感型。根据苗期抗旱性可分为3类,ZH733等9个属于抗旱型,正红412等34个属于中等抗旱型,ZH606等2个属于干旱敏感型。根据芽苗期综合抗旱性可分为抗旱、中等抗旱和干旱敏感3类,其中,瑞玉617等14个组合抗旱,正红613等28个中等抗旱,ZH719等3个干旱敏感。分析认为,同时对玉米杂交组合的萌发期和苗期进行抗旱性评价更具有实践指导意义,更有利于针对性地选择适宜播种条件及苗期抗旱管理。