Challenges in Diagnosing and Managing Dieulafoy’s Lesions: A Case Report Highlighting the Importance of Clinical Suspicion and Multidisciplinary Approach in Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding remains a significant cause of hospital admissions. Even though the incidence of peptic ulcer disease and gastritis is decreasing, the incidence rates in neoplasm, Dieulafoy’s lesions, angiodysplasia, and esophagitis are trending up, which necessities physicians to be aware of those pathologies and their specifics. Here, we represent a case of a 62-year-old male on dual antiplatelet therapy who was transferred to our hospital due to severe melena with suspicion of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Due to hemodynamic instability, the patient was intubated and started on vasopressors. However, several repeated EGDs and CTs of the abdomen with GI bleeding protocol did not reveal the location of active bleeding to stop it. At the same time, clinically, the patient was hemodynamically unstable with continued melena. On the last EGD, a small area of concern resembling gastric varix was clipped for identification purposes, and the patient underwent a selective angiogram with further diagnosis of Dieulafoy’s lesion, which was successfully embolized. Our case demonstrates that Dieulafoy’s lesions can present as severe life-threatening hemorrhage, hard to diagnose with traditional methods such as EGD or CTs, in which case it is recommended to proceed with an angiogram sooner rather than later for further diagnosis and treatment if needed.

Diagnosis and Management of Childhood Tuberculosis: A Cross-Sectional Study of Practices in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major killer diseases among infectious diseases. The success of TB control depends on the capability of the health care system to detect and accurately manage TB cases. Tuberculosis in children remained a low public health priority with limited epidemiologic studies. Struggles for TB control in children need to be enhanced as children are providing the reservoir for future cases to develop. Objectives: The study evaluated diagnostic and treatment practices related to childhood pulmonary tuberculosis in Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Pakistan. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study based on retrospective record review of childhood Pulmonary Tuberculosis patients registered in the year 2020 with self-administered questionnaire. Results: Data of 557 childhood cases were collected. Most childhood cases were in age group 1 - 4 years (54%) with male predominance. More than 90% were diagnosed and treated at public sector facilities. 99% of the cases were clinically diagnosed with passive case finding. Cough was considered as a symptom of childhood Tuberculosis (TB) by 94% of physicians. Other important features included failure to thrive (13%), contact with a family history of TB (15%), Malnutrition(24%) and respiratory signs (21%). 99% physicians advised chest X-ray, Complete blood count (CBC) (95%) and Erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR) (72%) for diagnosis and fewer physicians (2%) used sputum smear microscopy and induced sputum (0.1%). Combining data on dosage, frequency and duration for drugs, 99% of the cases were found receiving correct regimen. The treatment outcomes of the cases were cured 4 (0.8%), treatment completed 551 (99.3%) and died 2 (0.4%) with no lost to follow up. Conclusions: The study highlights inappropriate diagnostic and treatment practices for managing childhood pulmonary TB among physicians in public and private sectors of Gilgit Baltistan. Most of the cases are managed by general practitioners with no post graduate qualification in medicine or pediatrics. The deviations from the guidelines for TB control cannot be negated in the region.

Design of an Efficient and Provable Secure Key Exchange Protocol for HTTP Cookies

Cookies are considered a fundamental means of web application services for authenticating various Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP)requests andmaintains the states of clients’information over the Internet.HTTP cookies are exploited to carry client patterns observed by a website.These client patterns facilitate the particular client’s future visit to the corresponding website.However,security and privacy are the primary concerns owing to the value of information over public channels and the storage of client information on the browser.Several protocols have been introduced that maintain HTTP cookies,but many of those fail to achieve the required security,or require a lot of resource overheads.In this article,we have introduced a lightweight Elliptic Curve Cryptographic(ECC)based protocol for authenticating client and server transactions to maintain the privacy and security of HTTP cookies.Our proposed protocol uses a secret key embedded within a cookie.The proposed protocol ismore efficient and lightweight than related protocols because of its reduced computation,storage,and communication costs.Moreover,the analysis presented in this paper confirms that proposed protocol resists various known attacks.

Lightweight authentication protocol for e-health clouds in IoT-based applications through 5G technology

Modem information technology has been utilized progressively to store and distribute a large amount of healthcare data to reduce costs and improve medical facilities.In this context,the emergence of e-Health clouds offers novel opportunities,like easy and remote accessibility of medical data.However,this achievement produces plenty of new risks and challenges like how to provide integrity,security,and confidentiality to the highly susceptible e-Health data.Among these challenges,authentication is a major issue that ensures that the susceptible medical data in clouds is not available to illegal participants.The smart card,password and biometrics are three factors of authentication which fulfill the requirement of giving high security.Numerous three-factor ECC-based authentication protocols on e-Health clouds have been presented so far.However,most of the protocols have serious security flaws and produce high computation and communication overheads.Therefore,we introduce a novel protocol for the e-Health cloud,which thwarts some major attacks,such as user anonymity,offline password guessing,impersonation,and stolen smart card attacks.Moreover,we evaluate our protocol through formal security analysis using the Random Oracle Model(ROM).The analysis shows that our proposed protocol is more efficient than many existing protocols in terms of computation and communication costs.Thus,our proposed protocol is proved to be more efficient,robust and secure.

Study of cellulolytic soil fungi and two nova species and new medium

This study is aimed at identifying and determining the percentage of occurrence frequency of cellulose decomposing soil fungi. The soil samples were inoculated into culture plates prepared in Sabouraud medium under sterilized conditions and incubated at 30 ℃ for 4 to 7 d. The identified fungal species were incubated in self-designed cellulose medium for testing their cellulolytic ability. Forty-two species, including2 nova species, representing sixteen genera showed growth and sporulation in the cellulose medium. Most of the isolated species were from genus Aspergillus and Penicillium. Aspergillus niger and Mucor hiemalis showed highest occurrence frequency （45% and 36% respectively）, as these species were collected from about 80% of soil samples. Being agar free and cheaper, the new fungal medium designed showed results equivalent to Sabouraud medium.

Tailoring the optical and magnetic properties of La-BaM hexaferrites by Ni substitution

We investigate the impact of Ni insertion on the structural,optical,and magnetic properties of Ba_(0.8)La_(0.2)Fe_(12-x)Ni_(x)O_(19)hexaferrites(Ni substituted La-BaM hexaferrites).Samples were prepared using the conventional co-precipitation method and sintered at 1000℃for 4 hours to assist the crystallization process.An analysis of the structure of the samples was carried out using an x-ray diffraction(XRD)spectrometer.The M-type hexagonal structure of all the samples was confirmed using XRD spectra.The lattice parameters a and c were found to be in the ranges of 5.8925±0.001 nm–5.8952±0.001 nm and 23.2123±0.001 nm–23.2219±0.001 nm,respectively.The M-type hexagonal nature of the prepared samples was also indicated by the presence of corresponding FT-IR bands and Raman modes in the FT-IR and Raman spectra,respectively.EDX results confirmed the successful synthesis of the samples according to the required stoichiometric ratio.A UV-vis spectrometer was used to record the absorption spectra of the prepared samples in the wavelength range of 200 nm–1100 nm.The optical energy bandgap of the samples was found to be in the range of 1.21 eV–3.39 eV.The M–H loops of the samples were measured at room temperature at an applied magnetic field range of 0 kOe–60 kOe.A high saturation magnetization of 99.92 emu/g was recorded in the sample with x=0 at a microwave operating frequency of 22.2 GHz.This high value of saturation magnetization is due to the substitution of La3+ions at the spin-up(12k,2a,and 2b)sites.The Ni substitution is proven to be a potential candidate for the tuning of the optical and magnetic parameters of M-type hexaferrites.Therefore,we suggest that the prepared samples are suitable for use in magneto-optic applications.

An enhanced scheme for mutual authentication for healthcare services

With the advent of state-of-art technologies,the Telecare Medicine Information System(TMIS)now offers fast and convenient healthcare services to patients at their doorsteps.However,this architecture engenders new risks and challenges to patients'and the server's confidentiality,integrity and security.In order to avoid any resource abuse and malicious attack,employing an authentication scheme is widely considered as the most effective approach for the TMIS to verify the legitimacy of patients and the server.Therefore,several authentication protocols have been proposed to this end.Very recently,Chaudhry et al.identified that there are vulnerabilities of impersonation attacks in Islam et al.'s scheme.Therefore,they introduced an improved protocol to mitigate those security flaws.Later,Qiu et al.proved that these schemes are vulnerable to the man-in-the-middle,impersonation and offline password guessing attacks.Thus,they introduced an improved scheme based on the fuzzy verifier techniques,which overcome all the security flaws of Chaudhry et al.'s scheme.However,there are still some security flaws in Qiu et al.'s protocol.In this article,we prove that Qiu et al.'s protocol has an incorrect notion of perfect user anonymity and is vulnerable to user impersonation attacks.Therefore,we introduce an improved protocol for authentication,which reduces all the security flaws of Qiu et al.'s protocol.We also make a comparison of our protocol with related protocols,which shows that our introduced protocol is more secure and efficient than previous protocols.

Infections in Cirrhotics: Types, Microbiological Spectrum and Risk Factors—5-Year Cohort Study

Cirrhosis is an immunocompromised state that leads to various infections, with an estimated 30% mortality. Pakistan already has a high morbidity and mortality related to complications of cirrhosis. Where the data on infection among cirrhotics is scanty, this study aimed to determine the frequency, microbiological spectrum and various risk factors of infections in cirrhosis of liver. This is a prospective cohort study conducted at a tertiary care hospital. The microbiological spectrum and frequency of infections was determined in cirrhotics. Various risk factors for infection among cirrhotics were evaluated like upper gastrointestinal bleed, use of proton pump inhibitors, malnutrition and severity of cirrhosis. Out of eleven hundred and forty-one patients with cirrhosis of liver, four hundred and ninety (42.94%) patients had infections. All kinds of infections like peritoneal, respiratory, urinary tract and skin were present in cirrhosis of liver where ascitic fluid infections (AFI) were the commonest i.e. 44.89%. The risk factors for bacterial infections among patients with cirrhosis of liver were upper gastrointestinal bleeding (odd ratio = 4.57, p = 0.0001), use of proton pump inhibitors (odd ratio = 2.57, p = 0.0001), degree of malnutrition (odd ratio = 10.34, p = 0.0001) and severity of cirrhosis (odd ratio = 12.99, p = 0.000). All types of infections occurred with varying frequency in cirrhosis of liver. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding, severity of cirrhosis, use of high dose proton pump inhibitors and severe malnutrition are important risk factors for infections among cirrhotics.

Spectrum of Diseases, Disease Related Mortality and Overall Financial Burden of Hospitalized Patients in Medical Wards of Tertiary Care Public Hospital

Background: Detailed assessment of pattern of diseases and trend of mortalities tends to aid in formulating pivotal aspects of in-hospital policies, standards of care and so consequently promoting efficient work system. This also reserves limited resources keeping within the limit of financial grasp. The study aims to reimburse the colossal paucity of data covering epidemiological burden of diseases, impact on mortality as well as financial burden in socioeconomically challenged public health system. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional hospital based study conducted in department of Medicine, Civil Hospital Karachi, from February 2016 to July 2016 using questionnaire based data collection system. Results: Eight thousand and fifty three (8053) cases with almost equal gender proportion were analyzed. Chronic liver disease (CLD) was the most rampant disease, followed by cerebrovascular accident (CVA), tuberculosis and diabetes. Overall 51% cases were attributed to infectious diseases. Overall the average percentage mortality was found to be 20% of all cases. Mean duration of stay was 7.56 ± 7 days. Estimated average total in-hospital expenditure per patient on each visit or stay was 159.15 ± 41.2 $USD (16670.96 ± 4315.7 PKR). Average total diagnostic and medications costs per visit or stay were 89.74 ± 31.2 $USD (9400.26 ± 3268.2 PKR) and 48.68 ± 18.0 $USD (5099.23 ± 1885.5 PKR) respectively. Conclusion: Chronic liver disease, cerebrovascular accident and diabetes were most frequent reasons of hospital admission and mortality. Recognition of most common and fatal diseases with their expenditure is going to lead to formulation of targeted policies both of which would be effective and efficient.

马来西亚剑角蝗科及一新种记述(直翅目:蝗总科)(英文)

记述了采自马来西亚的剑角蝗科6亚科22属30种,包括一新种Vitalisia bangiensus sp.nov.。并首次发现和描述了Sedulia perakensis Willemse的雄性及Eucoptacra minima Ramme和Pagdenia rufipes Miller的雌性。还发现Meltripata bolivari Willemse和Pagdenia rufipes Miller具二型:全翅型和退化翅型。提供了马来西亚已记录属和种的检索表。

马来西亚蚱科及六新种记述(直翅目:蚱总科)(英文)

报道记述了采自马来西亚的蚱科28种,其中包括6新种(Phaesticus azemii sp.nov.,Discotettix adenanii sp.nov,Discotettix selangori sp.nov.,Scelimena hafizaii sp.nov,Scelimenarazalii sp.nov.和Gavialidium phangensumsp.nov.),并包括马来西亚新记录种11种。提供了马来西亚已记录属和种的检索表。

CNR:A Cluster-Based Solution for Connectivity Restoration for Mobile WSNs

Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)are an integral part of the Internet of Things(IoT)and are widely used in a plethora of applications.Typically,sensor networks operate in harsh environments where human intervention is often restricted,which makes battery replacement for sensor nodes impractical.Node failure due to battery drainage or harsh environmental conditions poses serious challenges to the connectivity of the network.Without a connectivity restoration mechanism,node failures ultimately lead to a network partition,which affects the basic function of the sensor network.Therefore,the research community actively concentrates on addressing and solving the challenges associated with connectivity restoration in sensor networks.Since energy is a scarce resource in sensor networks,it becomes the focus of research,and researchers strive to propose new solutions that are energy efficient.The common issue that is well studied and considered is how to increase the network’s life span by solving the node failure problem and achieving efficient energy utilization.This paper introduces a Clusterbased Node Recovery(CNR)connectivity restoration mechanism based on the concept of clustering.Clustering is a well-known mechanism in sensor networks,and it is known for its energy-efficient operation and scalability.The proposed technique utilizes a distributed cluster-based approach to identify the failed nodes,while Cluster Heads(CHs)play a significant role in the restoration of connectivity.Extensive simulations were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique and compare it with the existing techniques.The simulation results show that the proposed technique efficiently addresses node failure and restores connectivity by moving fewer nodes than other existing connectivity restoration mechanisms.The proposed mechanism also yields an improved field coverage as well as a lesser number of packets exchanged as compared to existing state-of-the-art mechanisms.

An Efficient Connectivity Restoration Technique(ECRT)for Wireless Sensor Network

Node failure in Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)is a fundamental problem because WSNs operate in hostile environments.The failure of nodes leads to network partitioning that may compromise the basic operation of the sensor network.To deal with such situations,a rapid recovery mechanism is required for restoring inter-node connectivity.Due to the immense importance and need for a recovery mechanism,several different approaches are proposed in the literature.However,the proposed approaches have shortcomings because they do not focus on energy-efficient operation and coverage-aware mechanisms while performing connectivity restoration.Moreover,most of these approaches rely on the excessive mobility of nodes for restoration connectivity that affects both coverage and energy consumption.This paper proposes a novel technique called ECRT(Efficient Connectivity Restoration Technique).This technique is capable of restoring connectivity due to single and multiple node failures.ECRT achieves energy efficiency by transmitting a minimal number of control packets.It is also coverage-aware as it relocates minimal nodes while trying to restore connectivity.With the help of extensive simulations,it is proven that ECRT is effective in connectivity restoration for single and multiple node failures.Results also show that ECRT exchanges a much smaller number of packets than other techniques.Moreover,it also yields the least reduction in field coverage,proving its versatility for connectivity restoration.

Analysis and Assessment of Wind Energy Potential of Socotra Archipelago in Yemen

The increasing use of fossil fuels has a significant impact on the environment and ecosystem,which increases the rate of pollution.Given the high potential of renewable energy sources inYemen and the absence of similar studies in the region,this study aims to examine the potential of wind energy in Socotra Island.This was done by analyzing and evaluating wind properties,determining available energy density,calculating wind energy extracted at different altitudes,and then computing the capacity factor for a number of wind turbines and determining the best.The average wind speed in Socotra Island was obtained from the Civil Aviation and Meteorology Authority data,only for the five-year data currently available.The results showed high wind speeds from June to September(9.85-14.88 m/s)while the wind speed decreased for the rest of the year.The average wind speed in the five years was 7.95 m/s.The average annual wind speed,wind energy density,and annual energy density were calculated at different altitudes(10,30,and 50 m).According to the International Wind Energy Rating criteria,the region of Socotra Island falls under Category 7 and is classified as‘Superb’for most of the year.This study provides useful information for developing wind energy and an efficient wind approach.

Analysis and Assessment of Wind Energy Potential of Al-Hodeidah in Yemen

Renewable energy is one of the essential elements of the social and economic development in any civilized country.The use of fossil fuels and the non-renewable form of energy has many adverse effects on the most of ecosystems.Given the high potential of renewable energy sources in Yemen and the absence of similar studies in the region,this study aimed to examine the wind energy potential of Hodeidah-Yemen Republic by analyzing wind characteristics and assessment,determining the available power density,and calculate the wind energy extracted at different heights.The average wind speed of Hodeidah was obtained only for the data currently available for the five years 2005–2009(due to the current economic and the political situation in Yemen).The results show that the average wind speed in the five years is(25.2 W/m2 at 10 m,93.9 W/m2 at 30 m,and 173.5 W/m2 at 50 m).The average yearly wind power density(25.2 W/m2 at 10 m,93.9 W/m2 at 30 m and 173.5 W/m2 at 50m),and the average yearly energy density(220.8 KWh/m2/year at 10 m,822.6 KWh/m2/year at 30 m and 1519.9 KWh/m2/year at 50 m).This research is a preliminary assessment of the potential of wind energy in Hodeidah,which provides useful information for developing wind energy and an efficient wind approach.According to the International Wind Energy Rating criteria,the region of Hodeidah falls under‘Class 2’and is classified as‘Marginal’for most of the year.

Risk assessment of alcohol and obesity on liver enzymes (transaminases, cholestatic)

Background: This study was designed to investigate the BMI and alcohol consumption effects on hepatic enzymes. The degree of alteration among moderate drinkers is still unclear. Objective: To determine causes of liver failure due to alcohol and obesity. We observed the association between moderate alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI;in kg/m2) and transaminase, cholestatic enzymes. Design: Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphate (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT) were examined in 995 healthy persons. In this study 400 persons were reported as abstainers and 595 participants involved as a moderate drinkers. The study population was further split into according to BMI as follows: <19 (underweight), ≥19 and <25 (normal weight), ≥25 and <30 (over- weight), and ≥30 (obese). Results: Serum ALT (P < 0.002), GGT (P < 0.001) and ALP (P < 0.001) but not AST (P < 0.883) activities in moderate drinkers were higher than those in abstainers. Mean ALT activity is higher in obese and over weight in alcohol consumers and abstainers as compared to mean AST activity in the same groups. ALP activity was increased with BMI in moderate drinkers. In abstainers activity of ALP shows weak relation in order to BMI. Conclusion: The result of moderate alcohol use raises activity of hepatic enzymes with increasing BMI. Most participants with alcohol consumption have an AST/ALT ratio above 1.

Iron-deficiency anemia. A study of risk factors among adult population of Quetta Valley

Risk factors for iron deficiency anemia among the adult population of the Quetta valley have been investigated. Anemic adult patients, both males and females, who were admitted in the Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta, were invited to participate in this study. After detailed history and examination, preliminary blood tests including full blood counts, platelets count, retics count, absolute blood values and blood film examination were done. A clinical diagnosis was made based upon the findings of history, examination and blood tests. In patients suspected to have iron deficiency anemia, serum iron studies (i.e. serum iron, Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and serum ferritin) were done to confirm the diagnosis. Among the selected anemic patients, 60% were iron deficiency anemic, while 40% were non-iron deficiency anemic. Iron deficiency anemia was more common among females than males, as 70% patients were female and 30% were male. The risk factors were found to be pregnancy (40%), nutritional inadequacy (17%), menorrhagia (9%), hemorrhoids (9%), hook worms (8%), hematuria (2%) and blood loss due to various gastro-intestinal pathologies (15%).

Antituberculosis Drug-Induced Liver Injury: An Ignored Fact, Assessment of Frequency, Patterns, Severity and Risk Factors

Background/Aims: Antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury (TB DILI) is a frequent medical problem in Pakistan. Critical understanding of various aspects of TB DILI is not only important to manage liver injury but may also prevent unnecessary discontinuation of antituberculosis treatment. The study is aimed to determine the frequency, types, severity and patterns of TB DILI. Study further evaluates various risk factors of TB DILI. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective cohort study of two seventy-eight patients with the diagnosis of tuberculosis, where patients were followed during tuberculosis treatment. TB DILI was defined in accordance to international DILI expert working group. Results: Out of two seventy eight-patients, ninety-five (34.14%) had TB DILI. The most common pattern of TB DILI was hepatocellular (63.15%) followed by mixed (23.15%) and Cholestatic (13.68%). Most of the patients had mild DILI (43.15%) followed by moderate (30.52%), severe (20.01%) and very severe (5.26%). Age > 35 years, concomitant hepatotoxic drugs, extrapulmonary TB and malnutrition are important risk factors for TB DILI. Conclusion: All patterns of TB DILI with varying severity were present. Age > 35 years, malnutrition, extrapulmonary TB and concomitant use of hepatotoxic drugs were risk factors for TB DILI.

Surface Tension, Density and Viscosity Studies on the Associative Behaviour of Oxyethylene-Oxybutylene Diblock Copolymers in Water at Different Temperatures

The associative properties of methoxy (CH3O-) ended E58B11 and hydroxyl (-OH) ended E56B19 oxyethylene-oxybuty- lene diblock copolymers in aqueous solution at different temperature are reported in this paper. For both copolymers, E represents an oxyethylene (-[CH2CH2O]-) unit and B an oxybutylene (-[CH(C2H5)CH2O]-) unit while the subscripts denote the number average block length. Surface tension measurements were used to find out surface excess concentrations (Γm), area per molecule (αs1 ) at air/water interface and Gibbs free energy for adsorption (△G0ads ) for the pre-micellar region at four temperatures. Likewise thermodynamic parameters of micellization such as, critical micelle concentrations (CMC), enthalpy of micellization (△H0mic ), standard free energy of micellization (△G0mic) and entropy of micellization (△S0mic ), were also obtained using surface tension measurements. Solution densities were used to deter-mine the partial specific volume of micelle ( Vmic) and micellar density (ρmic). Dilute solution viscosities have been used to estimate the intrinsic viscosities [η], solute-solvent interaction parameter (KH) and hydration value of micelle (Wh) at various temperatures. The effect of temperature on the micelle properties is also discussed.

Perspectives of Using L-Tryptophan for Improving Productivity of Agricultural Crops: A Review

Plant growth regulators are biologically active signaling molecules that regulate a number of plant physiological processes. Auxin(indole-3-acetic acid) is an important plant growth regulator and is synthesized within plant tissues through L-tryptophan(L-TRP)-dependent and-independent pathways. It has been found that plants respond to exogenously applied L-TRP due to insufficient endogenous auxin biosynthesis. The exogenous application of L-TRP is highly significant for normal plant growth and development.L-tryptophan is applied through foliar spray, seed priming, and soil application. Soil-applied L-TRP is either directly taken up by plants or metabolized to auxin by soil microbiota and then absorbed by plant roots. Similarly, foliar spray and seed priming with L-TRP stimulates auxin synthesis within plants and improves the growth and productivity of agricultural crops. Furthermore, L-TRP contains approximately 14% nitrogen(N) in its composition, which is released upon its metabolism within a plant or in the rhizosphere and plays a role in enhancing crop productivity. This review deals with assessing crop responses under the exogenous application of L-TRP in normal and stressed environments, mode of action of L-TRP, advantages of using L-TRP over other auxin precursors, and role of the simultaneous use of L-TRP and auxin-producing microbes in improving the productivity of agricultural crops. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review reporting the importance of the use of L-TRP in agriculture.