Indo-Western Pacific Ocean Capacitor and Coherent Climate Anomalies in Post-ENSO Summer: A Review

ENSO induces coherent climate anomalies over the Indo-western Pacific, but these anomalies outlast SST anomalies of the equatorial Pacific by a season, with major effects on the Asian summer monsoon. This review provides historical accounts of major milestones and synthesizes recent advances in the endeavor to understand summer variability over the Indo-Northwest Pacific region. Specifically, a large-scale anomalous anticyclone （AAC） is a recurrent pattern in post-E1 Nifio summers, spanning the tropical Northwest Pacific and North Indian oceans. Regarding the ocean memory that anchors the summer AAC, competing hypotheses emphasize either SST cooling in the easterly trade wind regime of the Northwest Pacific or SST warming in the westerly monsoon regime of the North Indian Ocean. Our synthesis reveals a coupled ocean- atmosphere mode that builds on both mechanisms in a two-stage evolution. In spring, when the northeast trades prevail, the AAC and Northwest Pacific cooling are coupled via wind-evaporation-SST feedback. The Northwest Pacific cooling persists to trigger a summer feedback that arises from the interaction of the AAC and North Indian Ocean warming, enabled by the westerly monsoon wind regime. This Indo-western Pacific ocean capacitor （IPOC） effect explains why E1 Nifio stages its last act over the monsoonal Indo-Northwest Pacific and casts the Indian Ocean warming and AAC in leading roles. The IPOC displays interdecadal modulations by the ENSO variance cycle, significantly correlated with ENSO at the turn of the 20th century and after the 1970s, but not in between. Outstanding issues, including future climate projections, are also discussed.

Contributions to the Interannual Summer Rainfall Variability in the Mountainous Area of Central China and Their Decadal Changes

Using a high-resolution precipitation dataset,the present study detected that the mountainous area of central China(MACA)is a hotspot of ENSO’s impact on the summer rainfall variability.Further analysis suggests that both ENSO and atmospheric forcing make contributions to the summer rainfall variability in MACA.The dominant rainfall-related SST mode features as a seasonal transition from an El Niño-like warming in the preceding winter to a La Nina-like cooling in the following autumn,and it explains about 29%of the total variance of the rainfall during 1951–2018.It indicates that ENSO with a rapid phase transition is responsible for inducing summer rainfall anomalies in MACA.Besides,an upperlevel circumglobal wave mode in the Northern Hemisphere during summer also explains about 29%of the summer rainfall variance.Contributions of both the SST and the atmospheric modes have experienced interdecadal changes.The influence of the SST mode gradually increases and plays a dominant role in the recent decades,suggesting that ENSO with a rapid phase transition becomes more important for rainfall prediction in MACA.

基于光敏层动态调控金属褶皱

表面褶皱图案广泛存在于生物体和自然材料之中,赋予了生物体和材料独特的性能.特别是具有刺激响应性、可动态调节的周期性多尺度微纳米褶皱图案,能够按需原位自主调控材料的性能,在自清洁、减阻、黏附、抗干扰、伪装和组织工程等多个领域具有广阔的应用前景[1].研究者们将动态的物理作用或化学反应引入到经典的双层褶皱体系。

More complex interactions:Continuing progress in understanding the dynamics of regional climate change under a warming climate

Our planet experienced a number of extreme climate events in 2022,including extreme summer heat in the northern hemisphere,droughts in China and Brazil,and floods in Pakistan,South Africa,and Australia.Persistent global warming is believed to be the key factor in these extreme climate events,which were rare in past decades.Understanding the physical dynamics of regional climate change is essential if we are to reliably project such events in a warmer climate.

基于光敏中间层构筑动态金属褶皱

在金属材料表面构筑微纳米结构能够应对光学、电学、化学与材料力学等多学科需求,可用于传感、可穿戴器件和超表面等.然而,由于金属的模量往往较高且固定,要想实现图案化金属表面的自发形成甚至是动态调控,依旧面临诸多困难.为此,本文通过引入动态光敏性中间层聚合物,实现了金属材料微结构的动态调节.在不同温度的热诱发应变条件下,由于中间层从硬表层过渡到软基底,多层体系会自发出现不同模式下的失稳起皱.此外,凭借光对中间层聚合物模量分布的可调节性,金属表面可以自发形成有序性褶皱结构.动态化学能够帮助重构金属微结构,而近红外光可以以物理方式擦除褶皱,用以制备智能“魔镜”.这种普适性策略为今后调控功能性材料的微纳结构提供了重要的平台,以实现特殊的功能及应用,同时对于理解并利用多层体系的失稳现象大有裨益.