Currently approved vaccines have been successful in preventing the severity of COVID-19 and hospitalization. These vaccines primarily induce humoral immune responses;however, highly transmissible and mutated variants,...Currently approved vaccines have been successful in preventing the severity of COVID-19 and hospitalization. These vaccines primarily induce humoral immune responses;however, highly transmissible and mutated variants, such as the Omicron variant, weaken the neutralization potential of the vaccines, thus,raising serious concerns about their efficacy. Additionally, while neutralizing antibodies(nAbs) tend to wane more rapidly than cell-mediated immunity, long-lasting T cells typically prevent severe viral illness by directly killing infected cells or aiding other immune cells. Importantly, T cells are more cross-reactive than antibodies, thus, highly mutated variants are less likely to escape lasting broadly cross-reactive T cell immunity. Therefore, T cell antigen-based human coronavirus(HCoV) vaccines with the potential to serve as a supplementary weapon to combat emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with resistance to n Abs are urgently needed. Alternatively, T cell antigens could also be included in B cell antigen-based vaccines to strengthen vaccine efficacy. This review summarizes recent advancements in research and development of vaccines containing T cell antigens or both T and B cell antigens derived from proteins of SARS-CoV-2 variants and/or other HCo Vs based on different vaccine platforms.展开更多
The paper investigated Chinese students' usage of discourse markers in IELTS writing.100 IELTS essays were collect-ed and a focused learner corpus was set up in order to find out the relationship between the usage...The paper investigated Chinese students' usage of discourse markers in IELTS writing.100 IELTS essays were collect-ed and a focused learner corpus was set up in order to find out the relationship between the usage of DMs of EFL learners and the score of IELTS writing.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFC2307800)Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (030040018)+2 种基金Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (ZD2021CY001)National Natural Science Foundation of China (32270142)Shanghai Rising-Star Program (22QA1408800)。
文摘Currently approved vaccines have been successful in preventing the severity of COVID-19 and hospitalization. These vaccines primarily induce humoral immune responses;however, highly transmissible and mutated variants, such as the Omicron variant, weaken the neutralization potential of the vaccines, thus,raising serious concerns about their efficacy. Additionally, while neutralizing antibodies(nAbs) tend to wane more rapidly than cell-mediated immunity, long-lasting T cells typically prevent severe viral illness by directly killing infected cells or aiding other immune cells. Importantly, T cells are more cross-reactive than antibodies, thus, highly mutated variants are less likely to escape lasting broadly cross-reactive T cell immunity. Therefore, T cell antigen-based human coronavirus(HCoV) vaccines with the potential to serve as a supplementary weapon to combat emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with resistance to n Abs are urgently needed. Alternatively, T cell antigens could also be included in B cell antigen-based vaccines to strengthen vaccine efficacy. This review summarizes recent advancements in research and development of vaccines containing T cell antigens or both T and B cell antigens derived from proteins of SARS-CoV-2 variants and/or other HCo Vs based on different vaccine platforms.
文摘The paper investigated Chinese students' usage of discourse markers in IELTS writing.100 IELTS essays were collect-ed and a focused learner corpus was set up in order to find out the relationship between the usage of DMs of EFL learners and the score of IELTS writing.
