Optimization of Mycelial Culture Conditions and Fructification of Lentinus Species Using Rice Straw and Sawdust Based Substrates

Lentinus(Basidiomycota,Polyporaceae)species are naturally-occurring mushrooms with nutritional and pharmacological importance.Unlike shiitake Lentinula edodes,a widely cultivated mushroom,Lentinus species are often ignored because they are underutilized and unpopular.However,like shiitake,Lentinus spp.could also be valuable resources of functional food and bioactive compounds.It is therefore of high interest to understand their cultural requirements leading to their efficient biomass production.Thus,this study established the optimal culture conditions for the maximum mycelial growth of seven wild strains under four Lentinus species.Their cultivation potentials were also determined using rice straw and sawdust(7:3 v/v)substrate formulation.Mycelia of all Lentinus strains evaluated favorably grew on coconut water gulaman(local crude agar)and other culture media for specific strain with suitable pH ranging from 5.0 to 8.0.Aeration was not a major physical factor for all Lentinus strains except L.squarrosulus strain 1,which favored sealed condition.Both lighted and dark conditions were found suitable for both strains of L.sajor-caju,L.strigosus strain 2 and L.swartzii whereas both strains of L.squarrosulus and L.strigosus strain 1 favorably grew in lighted condition.However,all Lentinus strains evaluated recorded the highest mycelial growth rates and thick mycelia at 30℃.In terms of fruiting body production,all Lentinus strains demonstrated cultivation potential.The seven Lentinus strains completely colonized the substrate for 18.0-25.6 days and initiated primordia for 21.6-33.5 days.The highest yield(52.5 g bag^(-1))and biological efficiency(10.5%)was recorded in L.strigosus strain 1,whereas the lowest was noted in L.strigosus strain 2 with 21.1 g bag^(-1) yield and 4.2%biological efficiency.L.sajor-caju strain 2 and L.squarrosulus strain 1 showed the widest cap diameter and longest stipe,respectively.The mycelial growth and fruiting body performance of Lentinus may vary depending on species and strains.Altogether,the seven new wild strains of Lentinus can be artificially cultivated by providing the nutritional and physical requirements.

Evaluation of angiosuppressive activity of Pleurotus florida on developing chick embryo using chorioallantoic membrane assay

Angiogenesis is the proliferation of new blood vessels that enable the normal embryonic development and may also induce growth of numerous pathologies like tumor growth and cancer metastasis.The assays were used for both pro and anti-angiogenic agents.This study evaluated the angiosuppressive activity of Pleurotus florida on the developing chick embryo using chorioallantoic membrane(CAM)assay and used destructive sampling into four different treatment concentrations and a control.The result revealed a decrease in the number of blood vessels branch points formed after 24,48,and 72 hours at higher treatment concentrations(0.50%and 1%).Statistical analysis showed that 24 hours and 48 hours of exposure to various concentrations have no significant difference.Nevertheless,after 72 hours of exposure,the mean blood vessel branch points formed showed a significant difference among the treatment means between the highest concentration of P.florida(1%)and the control treatment(sterile water).In terms of the percentage of angiosuppressive activity of P.florida with the greatest angiogenic effect,which was the 1%P.florida treatment concentration possesses 35.69%and 36.85%angiosuppressive rate after 48 and 72 hours of exposure respectively.Thus,this study showed that P.florida lyophilized hot water extract exhibits angiosuppressive activity on the developing chick embryo using chorioallantoic membrane assay and is concentration and time exposure dependent.

Cultivation of different strains of Lentinus tigrinus from selected areas of Luzon Island,Philippines

Lentinus tigrinus is a wood-decaying species of macrofungi that belongs to family Polyporaceae.This mushroom is known to be edible and with medicinal attributes.In this study,cultivation of different strains of Lentinus tigrinus using rice straw-sawdust based substrate is reported.Results showed that the shortest incubation period was observed in strain 10(16.60 days),and the longest was noted in strain 1(40.50 days).However,strain 10 showed the earliest appearance of fruiting initials(20.70 days),and strain 1 had the longest period(44 days).In terms of fruiting body size,strain 6 recorded the widest mean pileus diameter(72.2 mm),and strain 10 had the longest mean stipe length(41.22 mm).Moreover,strain 6 produced the highest yield of 81.83 g and biological efficiency of 16.37%.Interestingly,although they belong to the same species,cultivation phase and fruiting body performance of different strains of L.tigrinus may also vary depending on geographical origin,which is very important to consider in strain selection.

Optimal culture conditions and toxicity assessment of Fomitopsis feei(Fr.):a newly documented macro fungus from Philippines

Mushrooms are known to be utilized by ethnic communities and Paracelis,Mountain Province is one of the places in Philippines inhabited by several of these native groups.Many studies have been conducted on various macrofungi,however no studies have been reported about Fomitopsis feei in the Philippines particularly in Paracelis,Mountain Province.It is a brown-rot bracket fungus,belonging to the family Fomitopsidaceae,characterized by a sessile effuse-reflexed basidiomata,with its color ranging from white to pinkish or brown.This mushroom has been reported to have antimicrobial properties,hence optimization of its culture condition could lead to its mass production for its biopharmaceutical potential.In order to develop a mass cultivation protocol of this mushroom,this study was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for its mycelial growth.The effect of different culture media using local substrates and evaluating environmental factors such as pH,aeration,illumination,and temperature were assessed.Optimum conditions for the secondary mycelial growth of F.feei produced very thick and largest radial growth on coconut water gelatin(CWG)medium(83.57 mm)at pH 6.5(83.13 mm),in sealed(85 mm),dark conditions(85.00 mm)at room temperature(28-32℃)(81.96 mm).The most abundant mycelial growth was found in cracked corn as grain spawning material.This study also determined the teratogenic and cytotoxic activity of the ethanol extract of F.feei against the zebra fish(Danio rerio)embryos and brine shrimp(Artemia salina)nauplii.Fomitopsis feei exhibited teratogenic effects against the developing D.rerio embryos wherein growth retardation,malformation of tail,yolk deformity,pericardial edema,curved body,scoliosis and little pigmentation were the notable teratogenic effects of the ethanol extract to the developing embryos.Embryos treated with≥1000 ppm recorded high mortality rate.Hatchability was most evident at lower concentrations≤750 ppm.In terms of heartbeat,as the concentration of the extract increased,the heartbeat rate significantly decreased.For the cytotoxicity,1250 ppm has the highest mortality rate with 73.33%.Using probit analysis,the LC_(50)is 534.676 ppm which is considered as mildly toxic.Thus,F.feei in higher concentrations exhibit toxic effect.These results indicate that F.feei has a pharmaceutical potential and could be harnessed for its bioactivities.