A review on pharmacological and analytical aspects of diosgenin:a concise report

Diosgenin is a steroidal sapogenin found in plants such as Dioscorea nipponoca,Solanum incanum,Solanum xanthocarpum and Trigonella foenum graecum.Diosgenin,biologically active phytochemicals have been used for the treatment of various types of disorder such as leukemia,inflammation,hypercholesterolemia and cancer.It is also able to prevent bone loss to the same extent as that of oestrogen.It is a typical initial intermediate for synthesis of steroidal compounds,oral contraceptives and sex hormones.Dioscorea,Costus and Trigonella are mainly used for the production of diosgenin.On the basis of literature survey it divulges that diosgenin has very impressive pharmacological profile and could be used as a medicine for the treatment of different types of disorders in the future.Thus,the present work aims to provide collective information in concern with its pharmacological activity and phytoanalytical techniques.This review will be beneficial to researches for the development of an alternative method for the treatment of innumerable diseases from diosgenin.

A Review on Pharmacological and Analytical Aspects of Naringenin

Flavonoids are a widely distributed group of phytochemicals having benzo-pyrone nucleus, and more than 4,000 different flavonoids have been described and categorized into flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, catechins and anthocyanidins. Flavonoids occurs naturally in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and beverages such as coffee, tea, and red wine, as well as in medical herbs. Flavonoids are responsible for the different colors of plant parts and are important constituents of the human diet. Flavanoids have different pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-allergic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and anticancer activity. Naringenin belongs to the flavanones and is mainly found in fruits（grapefruit and oranges） and vegetables. Pharmacologically, it has anticancer, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative and antiatherogenic activities. Naringenin is used for the treatments of osteoporosis, cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and showed lipid-lowering and insulin-like properties. In the present review, detailed pharmacological and analytical aspects of naringenin have been presented, which revealed the impressive pharmacological profile and the possible usefulness in the treatment of different types of diseases in the future. The information provided in this communication will act as an important source for development of effective medicines for the treatment of various disorders.

A Review on Pharmacological and Analytical Aspects of Diosmetin:A Concise Report

Plants have been used as a source for food material and natural remedies for the treatment of vast range of diseases. Nature provides us remedies for the treatment of various types of disorders ranging from simpte aitments to complicated diseases. Plants are known to possess different pharmacological activities due to the presence of various phytoconstituents, Flavonoids are one of the main active phytoconstituents found in fruits, vegetables, wines, tea and cocoa. Flavonoids exhibit various pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antibacterial, oestrogenic, cytotoxic antitumoural, hepatoprotective, antithrombotic and antiviral activity. Diosmetin （3＇, 5, 7-trihydroxy-4＇-methoxyflavone）, the aglycone part of the flavonoid glycosides diosmin occurs naturally in citrus fruit. Although it is found in herbal medicines and plays an important role in the treatment of various ailments, only limited scientific researches have been conducted. The aim of this review is to collect all available scientific literature published on diosmetin and combine it into this paper. This review contains an overview of pharmacological activities, isolation techniques and analytical techniques for diosmetin. Thus, valuable information provided in the present review will help researchers in developing alternative methods for the treatment of diseases from diosmetin.

Gossypin: A phytochemical of multispectrum potential

Nature is the source of the various raw chemicals in the form of oils, food supplement, neutraceuticals, and colour pigments. A lot of presently existing drugs available in the market mainly belong to the natural sources including the plants, animal, microorganism, minerals and marine source. Flavonoids, benzo-c-pirone derivates are one of the main secondary flavonoid liable for the different shades of flowers like orange, yellow and red color. More than 4000 flavonoids like flavanols, flavonols, isoflavones, flavanones, flavanonols and flavones are found in the different edible plants which are also found in the regular human diet. Flavonoids are present in vegetables, spices, tea, whole grains, fruits, wine, herbs and seeds. Gossypin, a flavonol glucoside, is present in the flowers of different plants like Gossypium indicum, Hibiscus esculentus and Hibiscus vitifolius and is one of the major chemical of plants belonging to 'Malvaceae' family. In the present review, we have collected all the information of gossypin and found that it has antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, anticataract, antidiabetic, analgesic and hepatoprotective activities. It also protects against beta-amyloid induced toxicity. The information provided in the present review will be beneficial to the researchers of the various field of science for the development of better alternate for various disorders. On the basis of the presented database of this review we can conclude that gossypin has various beneficial effects and it could be used for the treatment of various disorders.

A review on phytopharmaceutical importance of asiaticoside

Herbal plant materials have huge potential in the field of medicine,nutraceuticals,perfumery,beverages,fragrances,cosmetics and dyeing industry.Centella asiatica(L.)Urban(family:Apiaceae)(C.asiatica)is a very popular medicinal herb in Sri Lanka,Madagascar,India and other parts of Asia.Gotu kola,Brahmi and Mandukparniin are the synonyms of C.asiatica which is mainly used for improving memory power.The pharmacological importance of C.asiatica is mainly because of triterpenes such as asiatic acid,asiaticoside,madecassoside and madecassic acid,etc.C.asiatica is mainly used for the treatment of mental fatigue,anxiety,epidermal wound,eczema,leprosy,asthma,psoriasis,ulcers and vein diseases.Asiaticoside is a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin having anti-depression,anti-tumor,anti-inflammatory,antioxidant properties and further it also possesses wound healing,antiulcer and anti-hepatofibrotic activities.It improved cognitive impairment in diabetic condition because of the decreased oxidative stress.Quantification of asiaticoside in C.asiatica has been done by several methods which were mainly based on high performance liquid chromatography methods using different compositions of mobile phase sand detection systems.In these days scientists are trying to discover novel medicine from natural sources for the development of better drugs.In this review we have collected information of asiaticoside in respect to its medicinal values,pharmacological activities,extraction,isolation,and other analytical aspects.So the present review will be supportive to the scientists who are trying to develop some novel medicines from asiaticoside for the better health prospects.

Medicinal significance,pharmacological activities,and analytical aspects of ricinine:A concise report

Ricinine(3-cyano-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone)is an alkaloid present in leaves and seeds of castor plant i.e.Ricinus communis.It can cause vomiting,convulsions,hypotension,liver and kidney damage and several other complications in human.Ricinine presents mainly in young plant and it is the only cyano-substituted pyridine compounds occurred naturally.Ricinine also found in some other plants such as Piper nigrum,Discocleidion rufescens,Aparisthmium cordatum and Nicotiana tabacum.Accidental and intended Ricinus communis intoxications in humans and animals have been known for centuries.In the present review,we summarize the information regarding its medicinal uses,pharmacological activities,analytical techniques and intended and unintended poisoning cases in humans and animals.This review will be beneficial for the researcher in the field of herbal medicine and other allied sciences.