The viability and sustainability of crop production is currently threatened by increasing water scarcity. Water scarcity problems can be addressed through improved water productivity and the options usually presumed i...The viability and sustainability of crop production is currently threatened by increasing water scarcity. Water scarcity problems can be addressed through improved water productivity and the options usually presumed in this context are efficient water use and conversion of surface irrigation to pressurised systems. By replacing furrow irrigation with drip or centre pivot systems, the water efficiency can be improved by up to 30% to 45%. However, the installation and application of pumps and pipes, and the associated fuels needed for these alternatives increase energy consumption. A balance between the improvement in water use and the potential increase in energy consumption is required. When surface water is used, pressurised irrigation systems increase energy consumption substantially, by between 65% to 75%, and produce greenhouse gas emissions around 1.75 times higher than that of gravity based irrigation systems so their use should be carefully planned keeping in view adverse impact of carbon emissions on the environment and threat of increasing energy prices. With gravity-fed surface irrigation methods, the energy consumption is assumed to be negligible. This study has shown that a novel real-time infiltration model REIP has enabled implementation of real-time optimisation and gravity fed surface irrigation with real-time optimisation has potential to bring significant improvements in irrigation performance along with substantial water savings of 2.92 ML/ha which is equivalent to that given by pressurised systems. The real-time optimisation and control thus offers a modern, environment friendly and water efficient system with close to zero increase in energy consumption and minimal greenhouse gas emissions.展开更多
Pakistan livelihood depends on agriculture and so for this on irrigation system. The irrigation system in Sindh province depends on three barrages. The canals off taking from these three barrages irrigate 5.5 million ...Pakistan livelihood depends on agriculture and so for this on irrigation system. The irrigation system in Sindh province depends on three barrages. The canals off taking from these three barrages irrigate 5.5 million hectares of agriculture land. Sukkur Barrage, which is the oldest one, irrigates more than 2.0 million hectares of land. The Dadu Canal off taking from Sukkur barrage is an earthen canal. A huge amount of irrigation water is lost from the canal in the form of seepage from banks and bed. It is estimated that 40 to 50 per cent of water is lost between the canal head works to the farm-gate. The seepage from the canal creates twin problems of salinity and water logging consequently a large agriculture land has gone out of use, and this process is continued particularly in Sindh. Lining of Canals is considered an effective solution to this problem. But lining of canals in Sindh is a great issue as canals will need to be closed long enough to deprive the farmers at least one crop season and the farmers are unable to pay this price for canal. Therefore, in this study, the Dadu Canal is proposed to be redesigned as an adjacent lined canal which involves design of cross section for various lining options at locations where changes in the hydraulic conditions occur at cross regulators and fall structures. The proposed lining is preferred to be plain cement concrete lining which is selected after investigating local conditions. Quantity and cost estimation at selected RDs (Reduced Distance) proved feasible and significant in long term functioning of Dadu Canal.展开更多
Today with certainty, the petroleum industry is fostering sanguinely the fields’ development programs for the optimization of reservoir characterization through worth-full appliances of computer analysis techniques. ...Today with certainty, the petroleum industry is fostering sanguinely the fields’ development programs for the optimization of reservoir characterization through worth-full appliances of computer analysis techniques. The time element is of prime importance for optimistic petroleum development projects. Therefore, the frontline of “Real-time Analysis” is added into the applications of computer solving techniques for achieving and sketching up the real-time cost effectiveness in analyzing field development programs. It focuses on the phases of real-time well test data acquisition system, real-time secure access to the well test data either on field or in office and real-time data interpretation unit. This interface will yield the productive results for the field of reservoir’s pressure transient analysis and wells’ systems analysis by following the up-to-date preferred, accurate and effective well test analytical principles with modern real-time computer applications and techniques. It also lays emphasis for the comfort and reliability of data in creating best interpersonal working modes within a reputable and esteemed petroleum development organization.展开更多
文摘The viability and sustainability of crop production is currently threatened by increasing water scarcity. Water scarcity problems can be addressed through improved water productivity and the options usually presumed in this context are efficient water use and conversion of surface irrigation to pressurised systems. By replacing furrow irrigation with drip or centre pivot systems, the water efficiency can be improved by up to 30% to 45%. However, the installation and application of pumps and pipes, and the associated fuels needed for these alternatives increase energy consumption. A balance between the improvement in water use and the potential increase in energy consumption is required. When surface water is used, pressurised irrigation systems increase energy consumption substantially, by between 65% to 75%, and produce greenhouse gas emissions around 1.75 times higher than that of gravity based irrigation systems so their use should be carefully planned keeping in view adverse impact of carbon emissions on the environment and threat of increasing energy prices. With gravity-fed surface irrigation methods, the energy consumption is assumed to be negligible. This study has shown that a novel real-time infiltration model REIP has enabled implementation of real-time optimisation and gravity fed surface irrigation with real-time optimisation has potential to bring significant improvements in irrigation performance along with substantial water savings of 2.92 ML/ha which is equivalent to that given by pressurised systems. The real-time optimisation and control thus offers a modern, environment friendly and water efficient system with close to zero increase in energy consumption and minimal greenhouse gas emissions.
文摘Pakistan livelihood depends on agriculture and so for this on irrigation system. The irrigation system in Sindh province depends on three barrages. The canals off taking from these three barrages irrigate 5.5 million hectares of agriculture land. Sukkur Barrage, which is the oldest one, irrigates more than 2.0 million hectares of land. The Dadu Canal off taking from Sukkur barrage is an earthen canal. A huge amount of irrigation water is lost from the canal in the form of seepage from banks and bed. It is estimated that 40 to 50 per cent of water is lost between the canal head works to the farm-gate. The seepage from the canal creates twin problems of salinity and water logging consequently a large agriculture land has gone out of use, and this process is continued particularly in Sindh. Lining of Canals is considered an effective solution to this problem. But lining of canals in Sindh is a great issue as canals will need to be closed long enough to deprive the farmers at least one crop season and the farmers are unable to pay this price for canal. Therefore, in this study, the Dadu Canal is proposed to be redesigned as an adjacent lined canal which involves design of cross section for various lining options at locations where changes in the hydraulic conditions occur at cross regulators and fall structures. The proposed lining is preferred to be plain cement concrete lining which is selected after investigating local conditions. Quantity and cost estimation at selected RDs (Reduced Distance) proved feasible and significant in long term functioning of Dadu Canal.
文摘Today with certainty, the petroleum industry is fostering sanguinely the fields’ development programs for the optimization of reservoir characterization through worth-full appliances of computer analysis techniques. The time element is of prime importance for optimistic petroleum development projects. Therefore, the frontline of “Real-time Analysis” is added into the applications of computer solving techniques for achieving and sketching up the real-time cost effectiveness in analyzing field development programs. It focuses on the phases of real-time well test data acquisition system, real-time secure access to the well test data either on field or in office and real-time data interpretation unit. This interface will yield the productive results for the field of reservoir’s pressure transient analysis and wells’ systems analysis by following the up-to-date preferred, accurate and effective well test analytical principles with modern real-time computer applications and techniques. It also lays emphasis for the comfort and reliability of data in creating best interpersonal working modes within a reputable and esteemed petroleum development organization.
