背景:目前已有大量旨在改善糖尿病患者治疗的干预措施,但这些干预措施效果还不清楚。
目的:评价11种质量改善(quality improvement,QI)措施对成人2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的影响。数据来源和研究选择:数据来源于MEDLINE数据库(1...背景:目前已有大量旨在改善糖尿病患者治疗的干预措施,但这些干预措施效果还不清楚。
目的:评价11种质量改善(quality improvement,QI)措施对成人2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的影响。数据来源和研究选择:数据来源于MEDLINE数据库(1996年至2006年4月)和涵盖多重目录数据库的Cochrane协作网(Cochrane Collaboration)的有效实践和健康保健组(Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group)数据库。纳入的研究包括随机或半随机对照试验以及前后对照试验,研究观察了糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)的变化,并评价了针对某些临床表现和组织变化的质量改善干预的效果。
数据提取:应用汇总回归模型评估干预后HbA1c值的差异,模型包括有基线血糖控制情况、其他关键干预以及作为预测因素的研究特点。数据综合:有50项随机对照试验、3项半随机对照试验和13项前后对照试验符合所有人选标准。66项研究的中位随访时间为13个月,干预措施平均降低HbA1c 0.42%(95%可信区间[confidence interval,CI],0.29%~0.54%)。病例数少于所有人选研究患者中位数的试验报告效果显著大于大型试验(0.61%比0.27%,P=0.004),强烈提示存在发表偏倚。基线HbA1c平均≥8.0%的试验报告的效果也更大(0.54%比0.20%,P:0.005)。校正这些影响,11种质量改善措施中有2种与HbA。。至少降低0.5%相关:团队变化(0.67%,95%CI,0.43%~0.91%;n:26)以及病例管理(0.52%;95%CI,0.31%~0.73%;n=26);它们是仅有的2个可以显著降低HbA1c的措施。包括团队变化的干预比不包括这种干预的研究更多降低HbA1c0.33%(95%CI,0.12%~0.54%;P=0.004)。包括病例管理的干预研究比不包括这种干预的研究更多降低HbA1c0.22%(95%CI,0.00~0.44%;P=0.04)。护士和药剂师病例管理者无需待医生批准即可调整用药的干预措施降低HbA1c达0.80%(95%CI,0.51%~1.10%),其他所有干预仅降低0.32%(95%CI,0.14%~0.49%)(P=0.002)。
结论:多数质量改善措施可使血糖控制轻到中度改善。团队变化和病例管理具有较强的改善作用,特别是病例管理者尢需等待医生批准即可调整用药的干预措施。由于对复杂干预分类困难、研究数量限制以及发表偏倚,其他质量改善措施的效果评估可能受到了限制。展开更多
Influenza viruses continue to emerge and re-emerge, posing new threats for public health. Control and treatment of influenza depends mainly on vaccination and chemoprophylaxis with approved antiviral drugs. Identifica...Influenza viruses continue to emerge and re-emerge, posing new threats for public health. Control and treatment of influenza depends mainly on vaccination and chemoprophylaxis with approved antiviral drugs. Identification of specific epitopes derived from influenza viruses has significantly advanced the development of epitope-based vaccines. Here, we explore the idea of using HLA binding data to design an epitope-based vaccine that can elicit heterosubtypic T-cell responses against circulating H7N9, H5N1, and H9N2 subtypes. The hemokinin-1(HK-1) peptide sequence was used to induce immune responses against the influenza viruses. Five conserved high score cytotoxic T lymphocyte(CTL) epitopes restricted to HLA-A*0201-binding peptides within the hemagglutinin(HA) protein of the viruses were chosen, and two HA CTL/HK-1 chimera protein models designed. Using in silico analysis, which involves interferon epitope scanning, protein structure prediction, antigenic epitope determination, and model quality evaluation, chimeric proteins were designed. The applicability of one of these proteins as a heterosubtypic epitopebased vaccine candidate was analyzed.展开更多
文摘背景:目前已有大量旨在改善糖尿病患者治疗的干预措施,但这些干预措施效果还不清楚。
目的:评价11种质量改善(quality improvement,QI)措施对成人2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的影响。数据来源和研究选择:数据来源于MEDLINE数据库(1996年至2006年4月)和涵盖多重目录数据库的Cochrane协作网(Cochrane Collaboration)的有效实践和健康保健组(Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group)数据库。纳入的研究包括随机或半随机对照试验以及前后对照试验,研究观察了糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)的变化,并评价了针对某些临床表现和组织变化的质量改善干预的效果。
数据提取:应用汇总回归模型评估干预后HbA1c值的差异,模型包括有基线血糖控制情况、其他关键干预以及作为预测因素的研究特点。数据综合:有50项随机对照试验、3项半随机对照试验和13项前后对照试验符合所有人选标准。66项研究的中位随访时间为13个月,干预措施平均降低HbA1c 0.42%(95%可信区间[confidence interval,CI],0.29%~0.54%)。病例数少于所有人选研究患者中位数的试验报告效果显著大于大型试验(0.61%比0.27%,P=0.004),强烈提示存在发表偏倚。基线HbA1c平均≥8.0%的试验报告的效果也更大(0.54%比0.20%,P:0.005)。校正这些影响,11种质量改善措施中有2种与HbA。。至少降低0.5%相关:团队变化(0.67%,95%CI,0.43%~0.91%;n:26)以及病例管理(0.52%;95%CI,0.31%~0.73%;n=26);它们是仅有的2个可以显著降低HbA1c的措施。包括团队变化的干预比不包括这种干预的研究更多降低HbA1c0.33%(95%CI,0.12%~0.54%;P=0.004)。包括病例管理的干预研究比不包括这种干预的研究更多降低HbA1c0.22%(95%CI,0.00~0.44%;P=0.04)。护士和药剂师病例管理者无需待医生批准即可调整用药的干预措施降低HbA1c达0.80%(95%CI,0.51%~1.10%),其他所有干预仅降低0.32%(95%CI,0.14%~0.49%)(P=0.002)。
结论:多数质量改善措施可使血糖控制轻到中度改善。团队变化和病例管理具有较强的改善作用,特别是病例管理者尢需等待医生批准即可调整用药的干预措施。由于对复杂干预分类困难、研究数量限制以及发表偏倚,其他质量改善措施的效果评估可能受到了限制。
基金supported by Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
文摘Influenza viruses continue to emerge and re-emerge, posing new threats for public health. Control and treatment of influenza depends mainly on vaccination and chemoprophylaxis with approved antiviral drugs. Identification of specific epitopes derived from influenza viruses has significantly advanced the development of epitope-based vaccines. Here, we explore the idea of using HLA binding data to design an epitope-based vaccine that can elicit heterosubtypic T-cell responses against circulating H7N9, H5N1, and H9N2 subtypes. The hemokinin-1(HK-1) peptide sequence was used to induce immune responses against the influenza viruses. Five conserved high score cytotoxic T lymphocyte(CTL) epitopes restricted to HLA-A*0201-binding peptides within the hemagglutinin(HA) protein of the viruses were chosen, and two HA CTL/HK-1 chimera protein models designed. Using in silico analysis, which involves interferon epitope scanning, protein structure prediction, antigenic epitope determination, and model quality evaluation, chimeric proteins were designed. The applicability of one of these proteins as a heterosubtypic epitopebased vaccine candidate was analyzed.