Pemafibrate,a potent selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorαmodulator,a promising novel treatment for ischemic retinopathy?

Ischemic retinopathy is a retinal disease caused by ischemic attacks.Ischemia is a common pathologic mechanism in various retinal disorders and diseases such as age-related macular degeneration,diabetic retinopathy,glaucoma,or vascular occlusion(Osborne et al.,2004).Although various murine models have been developed to understand a series of metabolic mechanisms induced by retinal ischemia and further used to test promising therapeutics,effective treatment in ischemic retinopathy has not been clearly suggested.This is associated with the notion that the contributing pathologic metabolic pathways might be enormously complex.

Gender differences in adolescent dry eye disease:a health problem in girls

AIM： To evaluate the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease（DED） in adolescents. METHODS： This was a cross-sectional, case-control study and outpatients aged 10 to 19y were recruited from six eye clinics of various practices and locations in Japan, and 253 non-DED subjects and 70 DED patients were enrolled. Participants were examined for DED-related signs. Patients were also interviewed to ascertain the presence or absence of six common DED-related symptoms： dryness, irritation, pain, eye fatigue, blurring, and photophobia. Main outcome measures were differences in signs and symptoms of dry eye disease between boys and girls.RESULTS： Of the 323 adolescents recruited, 70（21.7%） were diagnosed with DED. Significant differences between the non-DED and DED groups were found for short tear break-up time（BUT; ≤5s; P=0.000） and superficial punctate keratopathy（SPK; staining score ≥3; P=0.000）. Late adolescent girls reported fewer symptoms than late adolescent boys, although their DED-related signs were worse compared to other groups. The prevalence and severity of DED were similar in the Tokyo area compared with suburban and local areas but myopic errors were worse. CONCLUSION： We find that adolescents reported symptoms of DED similar to those found in adults, and the majority have short BUT-type DED. The prevalence and severity of DED in late adolescent girls is comparable with adults. Adolescents with DED are underserved and we believe that DED is a hidden but potentially serious health problem for this age group.

Degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in hypoxic responses:hypoxia-inducible factor inhibition,a new therapeutic insight

Degeneration of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)is one of the hallmarks of common optic neuropathies(Weinreb et al.,2014).Glaucoma,the most common opt ic neuropathy,is characterized by degeneration of RGCs.Acute angle-closure glaucoma is a serious ocular condition caused by a rapid increase in intraocular pressure(IOP)(Emanuel et al.,2014).One of the experimental models which could mimic this condition is a murine model of retinal ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)injury(Johnson and Tomarev,2010).Retinal I/R injury can induce a rapid and transient elevation of IOP,which contributes to the degeneration of RGCs.Although understanding the pathophysiology of the degeneration of RGCs was considerably attempted,the major contributing pathways have not been yet elucidated(Calkins and Horner,2012).

Severe Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis Following Laser <i>in Situ</i>Keratomileusis with an Iatrogenic Double Flap

We present a case of an iatrogenic double flap created during laser in situ keratomileusis using a femtosecond laser microkeratome that resulted in development of severe diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK). The DLK occurred mainly in the second interface, made by the spatula accidentally and not exposed to femtosecond or excimer lasers. Because of differences in the severity of the interface inflammatory reactions between the two layers exposed to the same spatula, an allergic reaction to detergent, bacteria, or other chemicals could not be assumed to be the main cause of DLK. Our observations in this case may suggest an important association of neural factors with DLK, because the inflammatory reaction occurred mainly in the deep stromal layer at the thick corneal nerves.