Inflammatory responses,including glial cell activation and peripheral immune cell infiltration,are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease(PD).These inflammatory responses appear to be closely related to ...Inflammatory responses,including glial cell activation and peripheral immune cell infiltration,are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease(PD).These inflammatory responses appear to be closely related to the release of extracellular vesicles,such as exosomes.However,the relationships among different forms of glial cell activation,synuclein dysregulation,mitochondrial dysfunction,and exosomes are complicated.This review discusses the multiple roles played by exosomes in PD-associated inflammation and concludes that exosomes can transport toxicα-synuclein oligomers to immature neurons and into the extracellular environment,inducing the oligomerization ofα-synuclein in normal neurons.Misfoldedα-synuclein causes microglia and astrocytes to activate and secrete exosomes.Glial cell-derived exosomes participate in communications between glial cells and neurons,triggering anti-stress and anti-inflammatory responses,in addition to axon growth.The production and release of mitochondrial vesicles and exosomes establish a new mechanism for linking mitochondrial dysfunction to systemic inflammation associated with PD.Given the relevance of exosomes as mediators of neuron-glia communication in neuroinflammation and neuropathogenesis,new targeted treatment strategies are currently being developed that use these types of extracellular vesicles as drug carriers.Exosome-mediated inflammation may be a promising target for intervention in PD patients.展开更多
Eco-epidemiological model plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and biological invasions.In this paper,we propose a predator-prey model where the predator population is infected by the disease.The non...Eco-epidemiological model plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and biological invasions.In this paper,we propose a predator-prey model where the predator population is infected by the disease.The non-negativity and boundedness of the solution are addressed.The existence and stability of equilibrium are discussed by an invasive approach.Numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the competitive and exclusion,and oscillation behaviors of the model.Interestingly,the predation rate of the infected predator is shown to have far-reaching implications for the structure and stability of ecological communities.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81960242(to XLY)Yunnan Applied Basic Research Project of Yunnan Province of China,Nos.2019FE001-048(to XLY),202001AT070001(to XLY),“One Hundred Young and Middle-aged Academic and Technical Backbone”Training Program of Kunming Medical University,No.60118260105(to XLY)Miaozi Project in Science and Technology Innovation Program of Sichuan Province,No.2020JDRC0057(to HYH).
文摘Inflammatory responses,including glial cell activation and peripheral immune cell infiltration,are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease(PD).These inflammatory responses appear to be closely related to the release of extracellular vesicles,such as exosomes.However,the relationships among different forms of glial cell activation,synuclein dysregulation,mitochondrial dysfunction,and exosomes are complicated.This review discusses the multiple roles played by exosomes in PD-associated inflammation and concludes that exosomes can transport toxicα-synuclein oligomers to immature neurons and into the extracellular environment,inducing the oligomerization ofα-synuclein in normal neurons.Misfoldedα-synuclein causes microglia and astrocytes to activate and secrete exosomes.Glial cell-derived exosomes participate in communications between glial cells and neurons,triggering anti-stress and anti-inflammatory responses,in addition to axon growth.The production and release of mitochondrial vesicles and exosomes establish a new mechanism for linking mitochondrial dysfunction to systemic inflammation associated with PD.Given the relevance of exosomes as mediators of neuron-glia communication in neuroinflammation and neuropathogenesis,new targeted treatment strategies are currently being developed that use these types of extracellular vesicles as drug carriers.Exosome-mediated inflammation may be a promising target for intervention in PD patients.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.61573016 and 11771017)the Shanxi Province Science Foundation,China (Nos.201901D211413,20210302123454).
文摘Eco-epidemiological model plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and biological invasions.In this paper,we propose a predator-prey model where the predator population is infected by the disease.The non-negativity and boundedness of the solution are addressed.The existence and stability of equilibrium are discussed by an invasive approach.Numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the competitive and exclusion,and oscillation behaviors of the model.Interestingly,the predation rate of the infected predator is shown to have far-reaching implications for the structure and stability of ecological communities.
