Stabilization mechanism of nitrazepam supersaturated state in nitrazepam/Eudragit~?EPO/saccharin solution revealed by NMR measurements

Aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer,Eudragit?E PO(EPO),has been used as a polymeric carrier for solid dispersion to significantly enhance the drug dissolution.However,the improvement of the drug dissolution by the drug/EPO solid dispersion is limited only in acidic solution due to the pHdependant solubility of basic EPO with its tertiary amino group.We previously reported that the blending of saccharin(SAC)in the drug/EPO solid dispersion led to the supersaturation formation of drug even at neutral pH[1].

Morphological changes of doxorubicin-loaded liposomes observed by atomic force microscopy

Liposomes, closed vesicles composed of lipid bilayers, have been widely used as pharmaceutical carriers. Liposomal formulations containing doxorubicin (DOX) of an anticancer drug are developed to reduce toxic side effects and to improve drug accumulation at tumor tissues. An encapsulation of DOX into the inner water phase of liposomes results in the formations of fibrous DOX bundles and the elongation of the liposomes [1].In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM).

Discrimination and ejection of eggs and nestlings by the fan-tailed gerygone from New Caledonia

Nestling rejection is a rare type of host defense against brood parasitism compared with egg rejection.Theoretically,host defenses at both egg and nestling stages could be based on similar underlying discrimination mechanisms but,due to the rarity of nestling rejector hosts,few studies have actually tested this hypothesis.We investigated egg and nestling discrimination by the fan-tailed gerygone Gerygone flavolateralis,a host that seemingly accepts nonmimetic eggs of its parasite,the shining bronze-cuckoo Chalcites lucidus,but ejects mimetic parasite nestlings.We introduced artificial eggs or nestlings and foreign gerygone nestlings in gerygone nests and compared begging calls of parasite and host nestlings.We found that the gerygone ejected artificial eggs only if their size was smaller than the parasite or host eggs.Ejection of artificial nestlings did not depend on whether their color matched that of the brood.The frequency of ejection increased during the course of the breeding season mirroring the increase in ejection frequency of parasite nestlings by the host.Cross-fostered gerygone nestlings were frequently ejected when lacking natal down and when introduced in the nest before hatching of the foster brood,but only occasionally when they did not match the color of the foster brood.Begging calls differed significantly between parasite and host nestlings throughout the nestling period.Our results suggest that the fan-tailed gerygone accepts eggs within the size range of gerygone and cuckoo eggs and that nestling discrimination is based on auditory and visual cues other than skin color.This highlights the importance of using a combined approach to study discrimination mechanisms of hosts.

Erratum to:Discrimination and ejection of eggs and nestlings by the fan-tailed gerygone from New Caledonia

When the pdf version of this paper first published,there were a number of errors in the reference list:accented letters were displaying incorrectly,leading to errors in author names throughout the list.This has now been corrected online.