Gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type spreading to heterotopic gastric glands

Herein, we present a case of gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type(GA-FG) spreading to heterotopic gastric glands(HGG) in the submucosa. A 58-year-old man with epigastric pain was referred to our hospital and underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopy. A Borrmann type II gastric cancer at the antrum and a 10 mm submucosal tumor-like lesion in the lesser curvature of the upper third of the stomach were detected. Histological examination of the biopsy specimens obtained from the submucosal tumorlike lesion suggested a GA-FG. Therefore, endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed as excisional biopsy, and histopathological examination of the resected specimen confirmed a GA-FG and HGG proximal to the GA-FG. Although the GA-FG invaded the submucosal layer slightly, the submucosal lesion of the GA-FG had a poor stromal reaction and was located just above the HGG in the submucosa. Therefore, wefinally diagnosed the lesion as a GA-FG invading the submucosal layer by spreading to HGG.

Potential mechanism of corpus-predominant gastritis after PPI therapy in Helicobacter pylori-positive patients with GERD

The long-term use of proton pump inhibitors(PPIs)exacerbates corpus atrophic gastritis in patients with Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection.To identify a potential mechanism for this change,we discuss interactions between pH,bile acids,and H.pylori.Duodenogastric reflux,which includes bile,occurs in healthy individuals,and bile reflux is increased in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD).Diluted human plasma and bile acids have been found to be significant chemoattractants and chemorepellents,respectively,for the bacillus H.pylori.Although only taurine conjugates,with a pKa of 1.8-1.9,are soluble in an acidic environment,glycine conjugates,with a pKa of 4.3-5.2,as well as taurine-conjugated bile acids are soluble in the presence of PPI therapy.Thus,the soluble bile acid concentrations in the gastric contents of patients with GERD after continuous PPI therapy are considerably higher than that in those with intact acid production.In the distal stomach,the high concentration of soluble bile acids is likely to act as a bactericide or chemorepellent for H.pylori.In contrast,the mucous layer in the proximal stomach has an optimal bile concentration that forms chemotactic gradients with plasma components required to direct H.pylori to the epithelial surface.H.pylori may then colonize in the stomach body rather than in the pyloric antrum,which may explain the occurrence of corpus-predominant gastritis after PPI therapy in H.pylori-positive patients with GERD.

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the colon:A case report and review of literature

A primary clear cell adenocarcinoma of the colon is a rare oncologic entity. We herein report a case of such a tumor of the sigmoid colon in a 71-year-old woman who was successfully treated by an endoscopic polypectomy in our hospital. We also reviewed the published reports regarding cases of primary clear cell tumors in the colon.

ERK phosphorylation functions in invadopodia formation in tongue cancer cells in a novel silicate fibre-based 3D cell culture system

To screen for additional treatment targets against tongue cancer, we evaluated the contributions of extracellular signal-related kinase(ERK), AKT and ezrin in cancer development. Immunohistochemical staining showed that ERK and ezrin expressions were significantly higher in invasive squamous cell carcinoma than in carcinoma in situ. To investigate the roles of ERK and ezrin in cancer development, we used the non-woven silica fibre sheet Cellbedwith a structure resembling the loose connective tissue morphology in a novel 3 D culture system. We confirmed that the 3 D system using CellbedTMaccurately mimicked cancer cell morphology in vivo. Furthermore, cell projections were much more apparent in 3 D-cultured tongue cancer cell lines than in 2 D cultures. Typically, under conventional 2 D culture conditions, F-actin and cortactin are colocalized in the form of puncta within cells.However, in the 3 D-cultured cells, colocalization was mainly observed at the cell margins, including the projections. Projections containing F-actin and cortactin colocalization were predicted to be invadopodia. Although suppressing ezrin expression with small interfering RNA transfection caused no marked changes in morphology, cell projection formation was decreased, and the tumour thickness in vertical sections after 3 D culture was markedly decreased after suppressing ERK activity because both the invasion ability and proliferation were inhibited. An association between cortactin activation as well as ERK activity and invadopodia formation was detected. Our novel 3 D culture systems using Cellbed? are simple and useful for in vitro studies before conducting animal experiments. ERK contributes to tongue cancer development by increasing both cancer cell proliferation and migration via cortactin activation.