To improve the accuracy of indirect tensile strength for a transversely isotropic rock in the Brazilian test, this study considered the three-dimensional (3D) deformation and the nonlinear stress–strain relationship....To improve the accuracy of indirect tensile strength for a transversely isotropic rock in the Brazilian test, this study considered the three-dimensional (3D) deformation and the nonlinear stress–strain relationship. A parametric study of a numerical Brazilian test was performed for a general range of elastic constants, revealing that the 3D modeling evaluated the indirect tensile strength up to 40% higher than the plane stress modeling. For the actual Asan gneiss, the 3D model evaluated the indirect tensile strength up to 10% higher and slightly enhanced the accuracy of deformation estimation compared with the plane stress model. The nonlinearity in stress–strain curve of Asan gneiss under uniaxial compression was then considered, such that the evaluated indirect tensile strength was affected by up to 10% and its anisotropy agreed well with the physical intuition. The estimation of deformation was significantly enhanced. The further validation on the nonlinear model is expected as future research.展开更多
In this study,the combined effects of geometrical distribution and geomechanical deformation of fracture networks on fluid flow through fractured geological media are investigated numerically.We consider a finite-size...In this study,the combined effects of geometrical distribution and geomechanical deformation of fracture networks on fluid flow through fractured geological media are investigated numerically.We consider a finite-sized model domain in which the geometry of fracture systems follows a power-law length scaling.The geomechanical response of the fractured rock is simulated using a hybrid finitediscrete element model,which can capture the deformation of intact rocks,the interaction of matrix blocks,the displacement of discrete fractures and the propagation of new cracks.Under far-field stress loading,the locally variable stress distribution in the fractured rock leads to a stress-dependent variable aperture field controlled by compression-induced closure and shear-induced dilatancy of rough fractures.The equivalent permeability of the deformed fractured rock is calculated by solving for the fracture-matrix flow considering the cubic relationship between fracture aperture and flow rate at each local fracture segment.We report that the geometrical connectivity of fracture networks plays a critical role in the hydromechanical processes in fractured rocks.A well-connected fracture system under a high stress ratio condition exhibits intense frictional sliding and large fracture dilation/opening,leading to greater rock mass permeability.However,a disconnected fracture network accommodates much less fracture shearing and opening,and has much lower bulk permeability.We further propose an analytical solution for the relationship between the equivalent permeability of fractured rocks and the connectivity metric(i.e.percolation parameter)of fracture networks,which yields an excellent match to the numerical results.We infer that fluid flow through a well-connected system is governed by traversing channels(forming an“in parallel”architecture)and thus equivalent permeability is sensitive to stress loading(due to stress-dependent fracture permeability),whilst fluid flow through a disconnected system is more ruled by matrix(linking isolated clusters“in series”)and has much less stress dependency.展开更多
Geo-energy and geo-engineering applications,such as improved oil recovery(IOR),geologic carbon storage,and enhanced geothermal systems(EGSs),involve coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)processes that result from fluid...Geo-energy and geo-engineering applications,such as improved oil recovery(IOR),geologic carbon storage,and enhanced geothermal systems(EGSs),involve coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)processes that result from fluid injection and production.In some cases,reservoirs are highly fractured and the geomechanical response is controlled by fractures.Therefore,fractures should explicitly be included into numerical models to realistically simulate the THM responses of the subsurface.In this study,we perform coupled THM numerical simulations of water injection into naturally fractured reservoirs(NFRs)using CODE_BRIGHT and TOUGH-UDEC codes.CODE_BRIGHT is a finite element method(FEM)code that performs fully coupled THM analysis in geological media and TOUGH-UDEC sequentially solves coupled THM processes by combining a finite volume method(FVM)code that solves nonisothermal multiphase flow(TOUGH2)with a distinct element method(DEM)code that solves the mechanical problem(UDEC).First,we validate the two codes against a semi-analytical solution for water injection into a single deformable fracture considering variable permeability based on the cubic law.Then,we compare simulation results of the two codes in an idealized conceptual model that includes one horizontal fracture and in a more realistic model with multiple fractures.Each code models fractures differently.UDEC calculates fracture deformation from the fracture normal and shear stiffnesses,while CODE_BRIGHT treats fractures as equivalent porous media and uses the equivalent Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the fracture.Finally,we obtain comparable results of pressure,temperature,stress and displacement distributions and evolutions for the single horizontal fracture model.Despite some similarities,the two codes provide increasingly different results as model complexity increases.These differences highlight the challenging task of accurately modeling coupled THM processes in fractured media given their high nonlinearity.展开更多
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(Grant No.2023R1 A2C1004298)a grant from the Human Resources Development program(Grant No.20204010600250)of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP),funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry,and Energy of the Korean Government.
文摘To improve the accuracy of indirect tensile strength for a transversely isotropic rock in the Brazilian test, this study considered the three-dimensional (3D) deformation and the nonlinear stress–strain relationship. A parametric study of a numerical Brazilian test was performed for a general range of elastic constants, revealing that the 3D modeling evaluated the indirect tensile strength up to 40% higher than the plane stress modeling. For the actual Asan gneiss, the 3D model evaluated the indirect tensile strength up to 10% higher and slightly enhanced the accuracy of deformation estimation compared with the plane stress model. The nonlinearity in stress–strain curve of Asan gneiss under uniaxial compression was then considered, such that the evaluated indirect tensile strength was affected by up to 10% and its anisotropy agreed well with the physical intuition. The estimation of deformation was significantly enhanced. The further validation on the nonlinear model is expected as future research.
基金support from Swiss National Science Foundation(Grant No.IZLCZ0_189882)funded by PRC-CNRS Joint Research Project(Grant No.5181101856)supported by the Korea-EU Joint Research Support Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea through a grant funded by the Korean Government’s Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning(Grant No.NRF-2015K1A3A7A03074226)。
文摘In this study,the combined effects of geometrical distribution and geomechanical deformation of fracture networks on fluid flow through fractured geological media are investigated numerically.We consider a finite-sized model domain in which the geometry of fracture systems follows a power-law length scaling.The geomechanical response of the fractured rock is simulated using a hybrid finitediscrete element model,which can capture the deformation of intact rocks,the interaction of matrix blocks,the displacement of discrete fractures and the propagation of new cracks.Under far-field stress loading,the locally variable stress distribution in the fractured rock leads to a stress-dependent variable aperture field controlled by compression-induced closure and shear-induced dilatancy of rough fractures.The equivalent permeability of the deformed fractured rock is calculated by solving for the fracture-matrix flow considering the cubic relationship between fracture aperture and flow rate at each local fracture segment.We report that the geometrical connectivity of fracture networks plays a critical role in the hydromechanical processes in fractured rocks.A well-connected fracture system under a high stress ratio condition exhibits intense frictional sliding and large fracture dilation/opening,leading to greater rock mass permeability.However,a disconnected fracture network accommodates much less fracture shearing and opening,and has much lower bulk permeability.We further propose an analytical solution for the relationship between the equivalent permeability of fractured rocks and the connectivity metric(i.e.percolation parameter)of fracture networks,which yields an excellent match to the numerical results.We infer that fluid flow through a well-connected system is governed by traversing channels(forming an“in parallel”architecture)and thus equivalent permeability is sensitive to stress loading(due to stress-dependent fracture permeability),whilst fluid flow through a disconnected system is more ruled by matrix(linking isolated clusters“in series”)and has much less stress dependency.
基金financial support received from the“Iran’s Ministry of Science Research and Technology”(PhD students’sabbatical grants)funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program through the Starting Grant GEoREST(www.georest.eu)(Grant Agreement No.801809)+1 种基金support by the Korea-EU Joint Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea through Grant No.NRF2015K1A3A7A03074226funded by the Korean Government’s Ministry of Science and Information and Communication Technology(ICT)in the framework of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program(Grant No.691728)。
文摘Geo-energy and geo-engineering applications,such as improved oil recovery(IOR),geologic carbon storage,and enhanced geothermal systems(EGSs),involve coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)processes that result from fluid injection and production.In some cases,reservoirs are highly fractured and the geomechanical response is controlled by fractures.Therefore,fractures should explicitly be included into numerical models to realistically simulate the THM responses of the subsurface.In this study,we perform coupled THM numerical simulations of water injection into naturally fractured reservoirs(NFRs)using CODE_BRIGHT and TOUGH-UDEC codes.CODE_BRIGHT is a finite element method(FEM)code that performs fully coupled THM analysis in geological media and TOUGH-UDEC sequentially solves coupled THM processes by combining a finite volume method(FVM)code that solves nonisothermal multiphase flow(TOUGH2)with a distinct element method(DEM)code that solves the mechanical problem(UDEC).First,we validate the two codes against a semi-analytical solution for water injection into a single deformable fracture considering variable permeability based on the cubic law.Then,we compare simulation results of the two codes in an idealized conceptual model that includes one horizontal fracture and in a more realistic model with multiple fractures.Each code models fractures differently.UDEC calculates fracture deformation from the fracture normal and shear stiffnesses,while CODE_BRIGHT treats fractures as equivalent porous media and uses the equivalent Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the fracture.Finally,we obtain comparable results of pressure,temperature,stress and displacement distributions and evolutions for the single horizontal fracture model.Despite some similarities,the two codes provide increasingly different results as model complexity increases.These differences highlight the challenging task of accurately modeling coupled THM processes in fractured media given their high nonlinearity.