Despite considerable advances in our understanding of cancer biology, early diagnosis of colorectal cancer remains elusive. Based on the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, cancer develops through the progressive accumulation...Despite considerable advances in our understanding of cancer biology, early diagnosis of colorectal cancer remains elusive. Based on the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, cancer develops through the progressive accumulation of mutations in key genes that regulate cell growth. However, recent mathematical modelling suggests that some of these genetic events occur prior to the development of any discernible histological abnormality. Cells acquire pro-tumourigenic mutations that are not able to produce morphological change but predispose to cancer formation. These cells can grow to form large patches of mucosa from which a cancer arises. This process has been termed "field cancerisation". It has received little attention in the scientific literature until recently. Several studies have now demonstrated cellular, genetic and epigenetic alterations in the macroscopically normal mucosa of colorectal cancer patients. In some reports, these changes were effectively utilised to identify patients with a neoplastic lesion suggesting potential application in the clinical setting. In this article, we present the scientific evidence to support field cancerisation in colorectal cancer and discuss important limitations that require further investigation. Characterisation of the field defect is necessary to enable early diagnosis of colorectal cancer and identify molecular targets for chemoprevention. Field cancerisation offers a promising prospect for experimental cancer research and has potential to improve patient outcomes in the clinical setting.展开更多
The purpose of this work is to study the co-cultivation of Chlorella sp. and wastewater wild algae under different cultivation conditions （i.e. CO2, light intensity, cultivation time, and inoculation ratio） for enha...The purpose of this work is to study the co-cultivation of Chlorella sp. and wastewater wild algae under different cultivation conditions （i.e. CO2, light intensity, cultivation time, and inoculation ratio） for enhanced algal biomass and lipid productivity in wastewater medium using Response SuHhce Methodology （RSM）. The results show that mixed cultures ofd7llorella sp. and wastewater wild algae increase biomass and lipid yield. Additionally, findings indicate that CO2, light intensity and cultivation time significantly affect algal productivity. Furthcnnore, CO2 concentration and light intensity, and CO2 concentration and algal composition, have an interactive effect on biomass productivity. Under dii＂ferent cultivation conditions, the response of algal biomass, cell count, and lipid productlvlty ranges from2,5 to 10.2 mg/mL 1.1 × 10 to 8.2 × 10 cells/mL and 1.1 × 10^6 to 6.8 × 10^12 total fluorescent units/mL, respectively× The optimum conditions tbr simt, ltaneot, s biomass and lipid accumulation are 3.6% of CO2 （v/v）, 160 μmol/m^2/s of light intensity, 1×6/2.4 of inoculation ratio （wastewater-algae/Chlorella）, and 8.3 days of cultivation time. The optimal productivity is 9,8 （g/L） for dry biomass, 8.6 E ＋ 08 （cells/mL） for cell count, and 6.8 E ＋ 12 （Total FL units per mL） fbr lipid yield, achieving up to four times, eight times, and seven times higher productivity compared to non- optimized conditions. Provided is a supportive methodology to improve mixed algal culture for hioenergy feedstock generation and to optimize cultivation conditions in complex wastewater environments. This work is an important step tbrward in the development of sustainable large-scale algae cultivation for cost-efficient generation of biofuel.展开更多
基金Bowel Disease Research Foundation,United Kingdom
文摘Despite considerable advances in our understanding of cancer biology, early diagnosis of colorectal cancer remains elusive. Based on the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, cancer develops through the progressive accumulation of mutations in key genes that regulate cell growth. However, recent mathematical modelling suggests that some of these genetic events occur prior to the development of any discernible histological abnormality. Cells acquire pro-tumourigenic mutations that are not able to produce morphological change but predispose to cancer formation. These cells can grow to form large patches of mucosa from which a cancer arises. This process has been termed "field cancerisation". It has received little attention in the scientific literature until recently. Several studies have now demonstrated cellular, genetic and epigenetic alterations in the macroscopically normal mucosa of colorectal cancer patients. In some reports, these changes were effectively utilised to identify patients with a neoplastic lesion suggesting potential application in the clinical setting. In this article, we present the scientific evidence to support field cancerisation in colorectal cancer and discuss important limitations that require further investigation. Characterisation of the field defect is necessary to enable early diagnosis of colorectal cancer and identify molecular targets for chemoprevention. Field cancerisation offers a promising prospect for experimental cancer research and has potential to improve patient outcomes in the clinical setting.
文摘The purpose of this work is to study the co-cultivation of Chlorella sp. and wastewater wild algae under different cultivation conditions （i.e. CO2, light intensity, cultivation time, and inoculation ratio） for enhanced algal biomass and lipid productivity in wastewater medium using Response SuHhce Methodology （RSM）. The results show that mixed cultures ofd7llorella sp. and wastewater wild algae increase biomass and lipid yield. Additionally, findings indicate that CO2, light intensity and cultivation time significantly affect algal productivity. Furthcnnore, CO2 concentration and light intensity, and CO2 concentration and algal composition, have an interactive effect on biomass productivity. Under dii＂ferent cultivation conditions, the response of algal biomass, cell count, and lipid productlvlty ranges from2,5 to 10.2 mg/mL 1.1 × 10 to 8.2 × 10 cells/mL and 1.1 × 10^6 to 6.8 × 10^12 total fluorescent units/mL, respectively× The optimum conditions tbr simt, ltaneot, s biomass and lipid accumulation are 3.6% of CO2 （v/v）, 160 μmol/m^2/s of light intensity, 1×6/2.4 of inoculation ratio （wastewater-algae/Chlorella）, and 8.3 days of cultivation time. The optimal productivity is 9,8 （g/L） for dry biomass, 8.6 E ＋ 08 （cells/mL） for cell count, and 6.8 E ＋ 12 （Total FL units per mL） fbr lipid yield, achieving up to four times, eight times, and seven times higher productivity compared to non- optimized conditions. Provided is a supportive methodology to improve mixed algal culture for hioenergy feedstock generation and to optimize cultivation conditions in complex wastewater environments. This work is an important step tbrward in the development of sustainable large-scale algae cultivation for cost-efficient generation of biofuel.
