Owing to the harsh natural environment and unsustainable production system,environmental vulnerability differs substantially among and within regions^([1]).Over the past 20 years,the most environmentally vulnerable co...Owing to the harsh natural environment and unsustainable production system,environmental vulnerability differs substantially among and within regions^([1]).Over the past 20 years,the most environmentally vulnerable countries lost over half of their economic growth potential^([2]).International trade is a double-edged sword for environmental vulnerability.On the one hand,production occurs beyond countries’borders while associated environmental impacts are displaced away from the location of consumption.展开更多
In order to combat environmental pollution, China enacted the Environmental Protection Tax Law in early 2018. Yet the impacts of the environmental tax on individual regions with different socioeconomic statuses, which...In order to combat environmental pollution, China enacted the Environmental Protection Tax Law in early 2018. Yet the impacts of the environmental tax on individual regions with different socioeconomic statuses, which are crucial for social justice and public acceptance, remain unclear. Based on a MultiRegional Input-Output(MRIO) table and a nationally regulated tax payment calculation method, this study analyzes the distributional impacts of an environmental tax based upon province’s consumption from both inter-provincial and rural-urban aspects. The national tax revenue based on the current levy mechanism is estimated to be only one seventh of the economic loss from premature mortality caused by ambient particulate matter(PM2.5). The taxation may slightly alleviate urban-rural inequality but may not be helpful with reducing inter-provincial inequality. We further analyze two alternative levy mechanisms. If each province imposes taxes to products it consumes(rather than produces, as in the current mechanism), with the tax rate linearly dependent on its per capita consumption expenditure, this would moderately increase the national tax revenue and significantly reduce inter-provincial inequality.To better compensate for the economic costs of air pollution and reduce regional inequality, it would be beneficial to increase the tax rate nationwide and implement a levy mechanism based on provincially differentiated levels of consumption and economic status.展开更多
The complexity of economic development and humanitarian crisesmeans that energy science and technology should be involved in actions that address almost everymajor challenges of ecosystem health and sustainability.Ene...The complexity of economic development and humanitarian crisesmeans that energy science and technology should be involved in actions that address almost everymajor challenges of ecosystem health and sustainability.Energy is the engine of the world economy and the key to ecosystems’functioning,which also has a great impact on global warming.The energy crisis,environmental pollution,overuse of natural resources,water supply shortages,global climate disruption,and deteriorating ecosystems are major challenges to address in order to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).In light of the frontiers in energy sciences and disruptive innovation in eco-tech,we recognize the need to review and establish working mechanisms that identify and examine issues that are critical to future sustainable development,to offer advice to decision-makers in different social sectors(public and private),to secure a shared future for mankind,and to achieve shared prosperity and common interests through international communications and collaborations.展开更多
基金supported by the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program(2021xjkk0904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42371207,42225107).
文摘Owing to the harsh natural environment and unsustainable production system,environmental vulnerability differs substantially among and within regions^([1]).Over the past 20 years,the most environmentally vulnerable countries lost over half of their economic growth potential^([2]).International trade is a double-edged sword for environmental vulnerability.On the one hand,production occurs beyond countries’borders while associated environmental impacts are displaced away from the location of consumption.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72140001 and 41921005)Shandong Provincial Science Fund for Excellent Youth Scholars(ZR2021YQ27)+1 种基金the National Social Science Fund of China(21ZDA065)the Natural Environment Research Council(2021GRIP02COP-AQ)。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41775115)the Chinese Scholarship Council. Klaus Hubacek was partly supported by the Czech Science Foundation under the Project VEENEX (GA CˇR No. 16-17978S)
文摘In order to combat environmental pollution, China enacted the Environmental Protection Tax Law in early 2018. Yet the impacts of the environmental tax on individual regions with different socioeconomic statuses, which are crucial for social justice and public acceptance, remain unclear. Based on a MultiRegional Input-Output(MRIO) table and a nationally regulated tax payment calculation method, this study analyzes the distributional impacts of an environmental tax based upon province’s consumption from both inter-provincial and rural-urban aspects. The national tax revenue based on the current levy mechanism is estimated to be only one seventh of the economic loss from premature mortality caused by ambient particulate matter(PM2.5). The taxation may slightly alleviate urban-rural inequality but may not be helpful with reducing inter-provincial inequality. We further analyze two alternative levy mechanisms. If each province imposes taxes to products it consumes(rather than produces, as in the current mechanism), with the tax rate linearly dependent on its per capita consumption expenditure, this would moderately increase the national tax revenue and significantly reduce inter-provincial inequality.To better compensate for the economic costs of air pollution and reduce regional inequality, it would be beneficial to increase the tax rate nationwide and implement a levy mechanism based on provincially differentiated levels of consumption and economic status.
文摘The complexity of economic development and humanitarian crisesmeans that energy science and technology should be involved in actions that address almost everymajor challenges of ecosystem health and sustainability.Energy is the engine of the world economy and the key to ecosystems’functioning,which also has a great impact on global warming.The energy crisis,environmental pollution,overuse of natural resources,water supply shortages,global climate disruption,and deteriorating ecosystems are major challenges to address in order to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).In light of the frontiers in energy sciences and disruptive innovation in eco-tech,we recognize the need to review and establish working mechanisms that identify and examine issues that are critical to future sustainable development,to offer advice to decision-makers in different social sectors(public and private),to secure a shared future for mankind,and to achieve shared prosperity and common interests through international communications and collaborations.
