可见光氧化还原钴催化立体发散性合成1,4-二烯

1,4-二烯是一类重要的烯烃化合物,其分子骨架广泛存在于药物和天然产物中.由于1,4-二烯分子在有机合成中具有重要作用,目前其合成方法已被广泛研究,包括1,3-二烯的氢烯基化、炔烃的氢烯丙基化、乙烯基和烯丙基试剂的交叉偶联等.然而,由于1,4-二烯的热力学稳定性,现有的合成方法主要倾向于生成E-立体选择性的产物,而Z-异构体的生成则相对困难.值得注意的是,通过同一组底物同时构建1,4-二烯的Z和E异构体的立体发散性合成策略鲜有报道.因此,发展新型催化体系,以同时构建1,4-二烯的Z和E异构体具有十分重要的意义和应用前景.本文报道了一种高效的可见光光致氧化还原/钴协同催化策略,该策略以联烯与炔烃为原料,通过调控反应溶剂即可实现立体发散性地构建Z,E-和E,E-1,4-二烯化合物.该反应在室温下,以2,4,5,6-四(9-咔唑基)-间苯二腈(4CzIPN)作为光敏剂,4,6-双(二苯基膦基)-10H-吩噁嗪为配体,H_(2)O和DIPEA作为氢源,实现了1,4-二烯的高效合成.值得一提的是,通过简单地调控溶剂可以直接控制产物的立体选择性,即以乙腈为溶剂时可得到Z,E-1,4-二烯产物,而使用2-MeTHF作为溶剂时,则得到E,E-1,4-二烯产物.此外,该反应对炔烃底物具有良好的兼容性,包括乙基、硅醚、羟基和环丙基等非对称的芳基烷基内炔,均能与联烯有效偶联,以较高收率得到目标产物.此外,芳基上带有各种富电子和缺电子基团的炔烃也能很好地参与反应.联烯底物研究结果表明,联烯上的酯基对反应效率有显著影响,具有较小酯取代基的联烯,如甲基和乙基,反应活性较低,相应的产物收率较低;而具有较大酯基的联烯,如异丙基、苄基和叔丁基,则能获得更高的产率.此外,当使用苯基、酸酐、二苯基氧化膦或磺酰基等其他官能团取代的联烯时,反应无法发生.通过氘代实验、荧光猝灭实验等一系列控制实验以及密度泛函理论计算,揭示了该反应机制.反应过程涉及五元钴环戊烯中间体的分解,并通过光催化的能量转移过程实现了E,E-1,4-二烯的E→Z异构化,最终实现Z,E-1,4-二烯的立体选择性合成.综上所述,本文提出了一种新的钴催化炔烃-联烯的选择性还原偶联反应.通过结合可见光光致氧化还原与钴协同催化策略,在温和的条件下,以H_(2)O和DIPEA作为氢源,实现了具有良好区域选择性和立体选择性的Z,E-和E,E-1,4-二烯的立体发散性合成.通过控制反应溶剂来实现立体选择性,本研究为立体发散性合成1,4-二烯化合物提供了一种简单有效的新途径.

Optimized strategy of rotational atherectomy of underexpanded coronary stents in patients with acute coronary syndrome

BACKGROUND:Stent under-expansion is a main cause of acute coronary syndrome(ACS),which can lead to serious clinical outcomes.The rotational atherectomy of underexpanded coronary stents(academically called stent ablation,SA)by intravascular ultrasound(IVUS)may provide more visual reference in the intervention.We aim to analyze the procedural and long-term outcomes of the optimized strategy of SA in patients with ACS and to provide real-world data on this technique.METHODS:A total of 11 patients with ACS who underwent SA between April 2017 and January 2019 were analyzed.Clinical follow-ups were obtained either by telephone call or by scheduled visit.Clinical end-points included periprocedural and postprocedural myocardial infarction,stent thrombosis,target lesion revascularization,and major adverse cardiac events.RESULTS:The mean age of patients was 69.6±6.5 years,and five(45.5%)patients were males.All cases presented with unstable angina and were admitted with ACS.All patients required at least two burrs during the intervention and the size of the burr was selected based on the data of minimum lumen diameter(MLD),and the fi rst and the second burr/stent MLD ratios were 0.93(0.88-0.99)and 1.09(1.02-1.14),respectively.Nine patients were treated with drug-eluting stents and two were treated with drug-coated balloons.There were no complications including no fl ow,perforation,or burr entrapment during the intervention.No in-hospital deaths or major adverse cardiac events were documented during the follow-up period.In our study,less contrast agent and a lower dose of radiation were used during the intervention.CONCLUSIONS:SA guided by IVUS can reduce the risk of complications,assess the results of surgery,inform the selection of stent size,and decrease the required dose of radiation and contrast.

含胍基抗菌聚合物的合成及应用

开发能与细菌非特异性结合的新型抗菌剂是解决细菌感染难题的方法之一。本文首先介绍了一种具有持久广谱高效抗菌性、无真核细胞毒性和细菌很难产生耐药性的含胍基抗菌聚合物;接着详细介绍了含胍基抗菌聚合物与细菌非特异性静电结合的抗菌机理;然后重点评述了主链含胍基抗菌聚合物、侧链含胍基抗菌聚合物以及表面接枝含胍基抗菌聚合物的设计理念、合成方法和抗菌性能;最后对新型含胍基抗菌聚合物的可控合成策略及应用前景进行了展望。