X-ray emission characteristics in magnetically driven plasma jet experiments on PTS facility

Jets are commonly observed astrophysical phenomena.To study the x-ray emission characteristics of jets,a series of radial foil Z-pinch experiments are carried out on the Primary Test Stand at the Institute of Fluid Physics,China Academy of Engineering Physics.In these experiments,x-ray emission ranging from the soft region(0.1–10 keV)to the hard region(10 keV–500 keV)is observed when the magnetic cavity breaks.The radiation flux of soft x-rays is measured by an x-ray diode and the dose rate of the hard x-rays by an Si-PIN detector.The experimental results indicate that the energy of the soft x-rays is several tens of kilojoules and that of the hard x-rays is∼200 J.The radiation mechanismof the x-ray emission is briefly analyzed.This analysis indicates that the x-ray energy and the plasma kinetic energy come from the magnetic energy when the magnetic cavity breaks.The soft x-rays are thought to be produced by bremsstrahlung of thermal electrons(∼100 eV),and the hard x-rays by bremsstrahlung of super-hot electrons(∼mega-electron-volt).These results may be helpful to explain the xray emission by the jets from young stellar objects.

Optimal Contract for the Principal-Agent Under Knightian Uncertainty

Under the Knightian uncertainty,this paper constructs the optimal principal(he)-agent(she)contract model based on the principal’s expected profit and the agent’s expected utility function by using the sublinear expectation theory.The output process in the model is provided by the agent’s continuous efforts and the principal cannot directly observe the agent’s efforts.In the process of work,risk-averse agent will have the opportunity to make external choices.In order to promote the agent’s continuous efforts,the principal will continuously provide the agents with consumption according to the observable output process after the probation period.In this paper,the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation is deduced by using the optimality principle under sublinear expectation while the smoothness viscosity condition of the principal-agent optimal contract is given.Moreover,the continuation value of the agent is taken as the state variable to characterize the optimal expected profit of the principal,the agent’s effort and the consumption level under different degrees of Knightian uncertainty.Finally,the behavioral economics is used to analyze the simulation results.The research findings are that the increasing Knightian uncertainty incurs the decline of the principal’s maximum profit;within the probation period,the increasing Knightian uncertainty leads to the shortening of probation period and makes the agent give higher effort when she faces the outside option;what’s more,after the smooth completion of the probation period for the agent,the agent’s consumption level will rise and her effort level will drop as Knightian uncertainty increasing.