Prediabetes and diabetes are important disease processes which have several perioperative implications.About one third of the United States population is considered to have prediabetes.The prevalence in surgical patie...Prediabetes and diabetes are important disease processes which have several perioperative implications.About one third of the United States population is considered to have prediabetes.The prevalence in surgical patients is even higher.This is due to the associated micro and macrovascular complications of diabetes that result in the need for subsequent surgical procedures.A careful preoperative evaluation of diabetic patients and patients at risk for prediabetes is essential to reduce perioperative mortality and morbidity.This preoperative evaluation involves an optimization of preoperative comorbidities.It also includes optimization of antidiabetic medication regimens,as the avoidance of unintentional hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic episodes during the perioperative period is crucial.The focus of the perioperative management is to ensure euglycemia and thus improve postoperative outcomes.Therefore,prolonged preoperative fasting should be avoided and close monitoring of blood glucose should be initiated and continued throughout surgery.This can be accomplished with either analysis in blood gas samples,venous phlebotomy or point-of-care testing.Although capillary and arterial whole blood glucose do not meet standard guidelines for glucose testing,they can still be used to guide insulin dosing in the operating room.Intraoperative glycemic control goals may vary slightly in different protocols but overall the guidelines suggest a glucose range in the operating room should be between 140 mg/dL to 180 mg/dL.When hyperglycemia is detected in the operating room,blood glucose management may be initiated with subcutaneous rapid-acting insulin,with intravenous infusion or boluses of regular insulin.Fluid and electrolyte management are other perioperative challenges.Notably diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic state are the two most serious acute metabolic complications of diabetes that must be recognized early and treated.展开更多
Glucose control in patient admitted to the intensive care unit has been a topic of much debate over the past 20 years.The harmful effects of uncontrolled hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in critically ill patients is we...Glucose control in patient admitted to the intensive care unit has been a topic of much debate over the past 20 years.The harmful effects of uncontrolled hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in critically ill patients is well established.Although a large clinical trial in 2001 demonstrated significant mortality and morbidity benefits with tight glucose control in this patient population,the results could not be replicated by other investigators.The“Normoglycemia in Intensive Care Evaluation-Survival Using Glucose Algorithm Regulation”trial in 2009 established that tight glucose control was not only of no benefit,but in fact harmful due to the significant risk of hypoglycemia.The current guidelines suggest a moderate approach with the initiation of intravenous insulin therapy in critically ill patients when the blood glucose level is above 180 mg/dL.The most important factor that underpins glycemic management in intensive care unit patients is the consequent prevention of hypoglycemia.Robust glucose monitoring strategies and insulin protocols need to be implemented in order to achieve this goal.展开更多
文摘Prediabetes and diabetes are important disease processes which have several perioperative implications.About one third of the United States population is considered to have prediabetes.The prevalence in surgical patients is even higher.This is due to the associated micro and macrovascular complications of diabetes that result in the need for subsequent surgical procedures.A careful preoperative evaluation of diabetic patients and patients at risk for prediabetes is essential to reduce perioperative mortality and morbidity.This preoperative evaluation involves an optimization of preoperative comorbidities.It also includes optimization of antidiabetic medication regimens,as the avoidance of unintentional hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic episodes during the perioperative period is crucial.The focus of the perioperative management is to ensure euglycemia and thus improve postoperative outcomes.Therefore,prolonged preoperative fasting should be avoided and close monitoring of blood glucose should be initiated and continued throughout surgery.This can be accomplished with either analysis in blood gas samples,venous phlebotomy or point-of-care testing.Although capillary and arterial whole blood glucose do not meet standard guidelines for glucose testing,they can still be used to guide insulin dosing in the operating room.Intraoperative glycemic control goals may vary slightly in different protocols but overall the guidelines suggest a glucose range in the operating room should be between 140 mg/dL to 180 mg/dL.When hyperglycemia is detected in the operating room,blood glucose management may be initiated with subcutaneous rapid-acting insulin,with intravenous infusion or boluses of regular insulin.Fluid and electrolyte management are other perioperative challenges.Notably diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic state are the two most serious acute metabolic complications of diabetes that must be recognized early and treated.
文摘Glucose control in patient admitted to the intensive care unit has been a topic of much debate over the past 20 years.The harmful effects of uncontrolled hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in critically ill patients is well established.Although a large clinical trial in 2001 demonstrated significant mortality and morbidity benefits with tight glucose control in this patient population,the results could not be replicated by other investigators.The“Normoglycemia in Intensive Care Evaluation-Survival Using Glucose Algorithm Regulation”trial in 2009 established that tight glucose control was not only of no benefit,but in fact harmful due to the significant risk of hypoglycemia.The current guidelines suggest a moderate approach with the initiation of intravenous insulin therapy in critically ill patients when the blood glucose level is above 180 mg/dL.The most important factor that underpins glycemic management in intensive care unit patients is the consequent prevention of hypoglycemia.Robust glucose monitoring strategies and insulin protocols need to be implemented in order to achieve this goal.
