In order to measure the uncertain information of a type- 2 intuitionistic fuzzy set （T21FS）, an entropy measure of T21FS is presented by using the constructive principles. The proposed entropy measure is also proved...In order to measure the uncertain information of a type- 2 intuitionistic fuzzy set （T21FS）, an entropy measure of T21FS is presented by using the constructive principles. The proposed entropy measure is also proved to satisfy all of the constructive principles. Further, a novel concept of the type-2 triangular in- tuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy set （T2TITrFS） is developed, and a geometric interpretation of the T2TITrFS is given to comprehend it completely or correctly in a more intuitive way. To deal with a more general uncertain complex system, the constructive principles of an entropy measure of T2TITrFS are therefore proposed on the basis of the axiomatic definition of the type-2 intuitionisic fuzzy entropy measure. This paper elicits a formula of type-2 triangular intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy entropy and verifies that it does sa- tisfy the constructive principles. Two examples are given to show the efficiency of the proposed entropy of T2TITrFS in describing the uncertainty of the type-2 intuitionistic fuzzy information and illustrate its application in type-2 triangular intuitionistic trapezodial fuzzy decision making problems.展开更多
This study considers a supply chain consisting of a commodity supplier and a final product manufacturer with uncertain demand.In addition to purchasing from the supplier through a forward contract,the manufacturer can...This study considers a supply chain consisting of a commodity supplier and a final product manufacturer with uncertain demand.In addition to purchasing from the supplier through a forward contract,the manufacturer can adjust their inventory by trading the commodity in an online spot market after observing the actual demand.However,the spot market is imperfect in that transactions cannot be certainly realized and come with additional transaction costs.Furthermore,the spot price is volatile such that overly relying on the spot market is unwise.To investigate how the spot market affects the decisions and coordination in a supply chain,we develop a game-theoretical model incorporating spot trading.We derive the optimal ordering decision in a centralized supply chain,as well as the supplier's and manufacturer's equilibrium pricing and ordering decisions in a decentralized supply chain.The impact of the imperfect spot market on the optimal decisions and profits is analyzed.This study also demonstrates how the supply chain can be coordinated in the presence of an imperfect spot market.Finally,a numerical analysis is performed to examine the analytical results.Our results indicate that the spot market can generally improve the performance of the centralized supply chain and benefit the manufacturer in the decentralized one.However,it can be detrimental to the supplier.The supply chain can be coordinated by a revenue-sharing contract,and both parties'profits can be improved.Our findings suggest that the manufacturer could take advantage of the spot market,and the supplier should attempt to integrate or coordinate the supply chain to share the benefits of spot trading.展开更多
In this paper, we consider a single-period model comprised of an original manufacturer （OM） who produces only new products and a remanufacturer who collects used products from consumers and produces remanufactured p...In this paper, we consider a single-period model comprised of an original manufacturer （OM） who produces only new products and a remanufacturer who collects used products from consumers and produces remanufactured products. The OM and the remanufacturer compete in the product market. We examine the effects of government subsidy as a means to promote remanufacturing activity. In particularly, we consider three subsidy options： subsidy to remanufacturer, subsidy to consumers, and subsidy shared by remanufacturer and consumers. We find that the introduction of government subsidy on remanufacturer or consumers always increases remanufacturing activity. We also find that subsidy to remanufacturer is the best subsidy option, because subsidy to remanufacturer results in lower price of remanufactttred products, thus leading to higher consumer surplus.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(7137115670971017)the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(City U112111)
文摘In order to measure the uncertain information of a type- 2 intuitionistic fuzzy set （T21FS）, an entropy measure of T21FS is presented by using the constructive principles. The proposed entropy measure is also proved to satisfy all of the constructive principles. Further, a novel concept of the type-2 triangular in- tuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy set （T2TITrFS） is developed, and a geometric interpretation of the T2TITrFS is given to comprehend it completely or correctly in a more intuitive way. To deal with a more general uncertain complex system, the constructive principles of an entropy measure of T2TITrFS are therefore proposed on the basis of the axiomatic definition of the type-2 intuitionisic fuzzy entropy measure. This paper elicits a formula of type-2 triangular intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy entropy and verifies that it does sa- tisfy the constructive principles. Two examples are given to show the efficiency of the proposed entropy of T2TITrFS in describing the uncertainty of the type-2 intuitionistic fuzzy information and illustrate its application in type-2 triangular intuitionistic trapezodial fuzzy decision making problems.
基金Major Program of National Social Science Foundation of China(No.20&ZD053)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71971182)+1 种基金Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(No.21XJC630004)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.JB210606).
文摘This study considers a supply chain consisting of a commodity supplier and a final product manufacturer with uncertain demand.In addition to purchasing from the supplier through a forward contract,the manufacturer can adjust their inventory by trading the commodity in an online spot market after observing the actual demand.However,the spot market is imperfect in that transactions cannot be certainly realized and come with additional transaction costs.Furthermore,the spot price is volatile such that overly relying on the spot market is unwise.To investigate how the spot market affects the decisions and coordination in a supply chain,we develop a game-theoretical model incorporating spot trading.We derive the optimal ordering decision in a centralized supply chain,as well as the supplier's and manufacturer's equilibrium pricing and ordering decisions in a decentralized supply chain.The impact of the imperfect spot market on the optimal decisions and profits is analyzed.This study also demonstrates how the supply chain can be coordinated in the presence of an imperfect spot market.Finally,a numerical analysis is performed to examine the analytical results.Our results indicate that the spot market can generally improve the performance of the centralized supply chain and benefit the manufacturer in the decentralized one.However,it can be detrimental to the supplier.The supply chain can be coordinated by a revenue-sharing contract,and both parties'profits can be improved.Our findings suggest that the manufacturer could take advantage of the spot market,and the supplier should attempt to integrate or coordinate the supply chain to share the benefits of spot trading.
基金The authors thank the anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions. This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China （Nos.71231007, 71373222, 71501149）.
文摘In this paper, we consider a single-period model comprised of an original manufacturer （OM） who produces only new products and a remanufacturer who collects used products from consumers and produces remanufactured products. The OM and the remanufacturer compete in the product market. We examine the effects of government subsidy as a means to promote remanufacturing activity. In particularly, we consider three subsidy options： subsidy to remanufacturer, subsidy to consumers, and subsidy shared by remanufacturer and consumers. We find that the introduction of government subsidy on remanufacturer or consumers always increases remanufacturing activity. We also find that subsidy to remanufacturer is the best subsidy option, because subsidy to remanufacturer results in lower price of remanufactttred products, thus leading to higher consumer surplus.
