BACKGROUND：Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease（NAFLD）refers to any fatty liver disease that is not due to excessive use of alcohol.NAFLD probably results from abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism and insulin resistance....BACKGROUND：Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease（NAFLD）refers to any fatty liver disease that is not due to excessive use of alcohol.NAFLD probably results from abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism and insulin resistance.Aerobic exercise is shown to improve NAFLD.This review aimed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on NAFLD.DATA SOURCE：We searched articles in English on the role of aerobic exercise in NAFLD therapy in Pub Med.RESULTS： The mechanisms of chronic aerobic exercise in regulating the outcome of NAFLD include： （i） reducing in- trahepatic fat content by down-regulating sterol regulatory element-binding protein-lc and up-regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y expression levels; （ii） decreas- ing hepatic oxidative stress through modulating the reactive oxygen species, and enhancing antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and glutathione peroxidase; （iii） ameliorating hepatic inflammation via the inhibition of pro-inflammatory media- tors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta; （iv） attenuating mitochondrial dependent apoptosis by reducing cytochrome C released from the mitochondria to the cytosol; and （v） inducing hepato-protective autophagy. CONCLUSION： Aerobic exercise, via different mechanisms, significantly decreases the fat content of the liver and improves the outcomes of patients with NAFLD.展开更多
Background:In the last two decades,electrical stimulation(ES)has been tested in patients with various eye diseases and shows great treatment potential in retinitis pigmentosa and optic neuropathy.However,the clinical ...Background:In the last two decades,electrical stimulation(ES)has been tested in patients with various eye diseases and shows great treatment potential in retinitis pigmentosa and optic neuropathy.However,the clinical application of ES in ophthalmology is currently limited.On the one hand,optimization and standardization of ES protocols is still an unmet need.On the other hand,poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms has hindered clinical exploitation.Main Text:Numerous experimental studies have been conducted to identify the treatment potential of ES in eye diseases and to explore the related cellular and molecular mechanisms.In this review,we summarized the in vitro and in vivo evidence related to cellular and tissue response to ES in eye diseases.We highlighted several pathways that may be utilized by ES to impose its effects on the diseased retina.Conclusions:Therapeutic effect of ES in retinal degenerative diseases might through preventing neuronal apoptosis,promoting neuronal regeneration,increasing neurotrophic factors production in Müller cells,inhibiting microglial activation,enhancing retinal blood flow,and modulating brain plasticity.Future studies are suggested to analyse changes in specific retinal cells for optimizing the treatment parameters and choosing the best fit ES delivery method in target diseases.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND：Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease（NAFLD）refers to any fatty liver disease that is not due to excessive use of alcohol.NAFLD probably results from abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism and insulin resistance.Aerobic exercise is shown to improve NAFLD.This review aimed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on NAFLD.DATA SOURCE：We searched articles in English on the role of aerobic exercise in NAFLD therapy in Pub Med.RESULTS： The mechanisms of chronic aerobic exercise in regulating the outcome of NAFLD include： （i） reducing in- trahepatic fat content by down-regulating sterol regulatory element-binding protein-lc and up-regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y expression levels; （ii） decreas- ing hepatic oxidative stress through modulating the reactive oxygen species, and enhancing antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and glutathione peroxidase; （iii） ameliorating hepatic inflammation via the inhibition of pro-inflammatory media- tors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta; （iv） attenuating mitochondrial dependent apoptosis by reducing cytochrome C released from the mitochondria to the cytosol; and （v） inducing hepato-protective autophagy. CONCLUSION： Aerobic exercise, via different mechanisms, significantly decreases the fat content of the liver and improves the outcomes of patients with NAFLD.
文摘Background:In the last two decades,electrical stimulation(ES)has been tested in patients with various eye diseases and shows great treatment potential in retinitis pigmentosa and optic neuropathy.However,the clinical application of ES in ophthalmology is currently limited.On the one hand,optimization and standardization of ES protocols is still an unmet need.On the other hand,poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms has hindered clinical exploitation.Main Text:Numerous experimental studies have been conducted to identify the treatment potential of ES in eye diseases and to explore the related cellular and molecular mechanisms.In this review,we summarized the in vitro and in vivo evidence related to cellular and tissue response to ES in eye diseases.We highlighted several pathways that may be utilized by ES to impose its effects on the diseased retina.Conclusions:Therapeutic effect of ES in retinal degenerative diseases might through preventing neuronal apoptosis,promoting neuronal regeneration,increasing neurotrophic factors production in Müller cells,inhibiting microglial activation,enhancing retinal blood flow,and modulating brain plasticity.Future studies are suggested to analyse changes in specific retinal cells for optimizing the treatment parameters and choosing the best fit ES delivery method in target diseases.
