Assessment of the crucial factors influencing the responses of ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions to controlled release nitrogen fertilizer: A meta-analysis

Reducing ammonia(NH3) and nitrous oxide(N2O) emissions have great effects on mitigating nitrogen(N) nutrient loss and greenhouse gas emissions. Controlled release urea(CRU) can control the N release rate, which reduces reactive N loss and increases nitrogen use efficiency relative to conventional urea(CU). However, the crucial factors influencing the responses of NH3and N2O emissions to CRU relative to CU are still unclear. In this study, we evaluated the responses of NH3and N2O emissions to CRU based on collected field data with a meta-analysis. CRU reduced the NH3and N2O emissions by 32.7 and 25.0% compared with CU, respectively. According to subgroup analysis, CRU presented better mitigation of NH3and N2O emissions in soils with pH 6.5–7.5(–47.9 and –23.7%) relative to either pH<6.5(–28.5and –21.4%) or pH>7.5(–29.3 and –17.3%), and in the rice season(–34.8 and –29.1%) relative to the wheat season(–19.8 and –22.8%). The responses of NH3and N2O emissions to CRU increased from rainfed(–30.5 and –17.0%) to irrigated(–32.5 and –22.9%), and then to paddy(–34.8 and –29.1%) systems. In addition, the response of N2O emission mitigation increased with increases in soil total nitrogen(TN);however, soil TN did not significantly affect the response of NH3volatilization. The reduction in NH3emission was greater in sandy-textured soil(–57.7%) relative to loam-textured(–32.9%) and clay-textured(–32.3%) soils, whereas soil texture did not affect N2O emission. Overall, CRU was a good option for reducing the NH3and N2O emissions relative to CU in agricultural production. This analysis improves our understanding of the crucial environmental and management factors influencing the mitigation of NH3and N2O emissions under CRU application, and these site-specific factors should be considered when applying CRU to reduce reactive N loss and increase NUE.

华北马铃薯连作土壤微生物残体氮对氮肥用量的响应

【目的】微生物残体氮作为一种稳定而重要的土壤氮组分,在维持土壤肥力方面发挥着重要作用。氮肥施用量影响土壤微生物残体氮的转化和积累,研究微生物残体氮对不同施氮量的响应对于优化施氮管理以提高土壤肥力至关重要。【方法】马铃薯氮肥管理试验始于2017年,在内蒙古自治区武川旱作试验站进行。种植模式为马铃薯连作,试验设置4个处理:NE [肥料用量用NE (Nutrient Expert,养分专家系统)推荐确定]、NE-N(不施氮肥)、NE-1/2N (氮肥用量较NE处理减少1/2)和NE+1/2N (氮肥用量较NE处理增加1/2)。于2023年马铃薯收获期,采集0—20和20—40 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤矿质氮和微生物残体氮含量,分析马铃薯连作下不同氮肥用量对土壤矿质氮和微生物残体氮的影响。【结果】氮肥施用处理较NE-N处理增加了土壤全氮(TN)和NO-_(3)^(-)-N含量。在20—40 cm土层,土壤NO_(3)^(-)-N和NH_(4)^(+)-N随着施氮量的增加而增加;但在0—20 cm土层,土壤TN、NO_(3)^(-)-N和NH_(4)^(+)-N在3个施氮处理之间没有显著差异。与NE处理相比,NE-N和NE-1/2N处理降低了土壤细菌、真菌和微生物残体氮含量,而NE+1/2N处理并没有增加这些残体氮含量。在所有处理中,真菌残体氮与细菌残体氮的比值随着施氮量的增加而逐渐降低,并且20—40 cm土层中的比值高于0—20 cm土层。在所有处理中,微生物残体氮与土壤全氮的比值达64.2%~73.2%,不同施氮量对0—20 cm深度的比值没有影响;然而,NE-N、NE-1/2N、NE+1/2N处理20—40 cm土层微生物残体氮与土壤全氮的比值较NE处理降低了4.1%~13.2%。NE处理维持了较好的土壤氮平衡,而NE+1/2N处理导致了极大的土壤氮盈余。【结论】在内蒙古马铃薯连作体系,土壤微生物残体氮随氮肥用量逐步增加,在NE推荐施氮量下获得了较高的微生物残体氮积累。因此,基于NE系统推荐施肥能维持土壤肥力和氮素平衡。