The city of Chongqing has high outdoor temperatures and humidity throughout the year and consequently a high risk of dampness and mold problems in dwellings.As part of the China,Children,Homes,Health(CCHH),association...The city of Chongqing has high outdoor temperatures and humidity throughout the year and consequently a high risk of dampness and mold problems in dwellings.As part of the China,Children,Homes,Health(CCHH),associations between home characteristics and children’s asthma,allergies,and related symptoms were investigated in Chongqing,China.A cross-sectional questionnaire survey on home characteristics including dampness and symptoms of asthma and allergies in 5299 children was performed.Data for 4754 children(3–6 years)and their homes were analyzed.Results showed that 35.1%of homes were reported to have"damp bedding",14.3%"condensation on window panes(higher than 5 cm)",11.6%"mouldy odor",9.3%"water leakage",8.3%"damp stains"and 5.3%"visible mould".Wheezing and rhinitis ever were reported for 27.0%and 51.1%children respectively,and rhinitis,wheezing,cough at night and eczema in the last 12 months were reported for 38.1%,20.5%,18.9%and 13.2%respectively.Doctor-diagnosed asthma was reported for 8.3%of children,and doctor-diagnosed rhinitis for 6.2%.Dampness in homes was generally strongly associated with asthma and allergies among Chongqing children.The strongest association was found between"visible mould"and doctor-diagnosed rhinitis,and the adjusted Odds Ratio(ORA)was 2.27(95%CI:1.48,3.49)."Damp bedding"was significantly associated with all asthma and allergic symptoms,but doctor-diagnosed asthma and rhinitis.The behavior of"putting bedding to sunshine"could effectively reduce the prevalence of asthma and allergic symptoms,and the risk of bedding affected with damp was reduced significantly when bedding was put to sunshine frequently.展开更多
This paper establishes an evaluation index system for existing building green-retrofitting considering different building majors. The weights of indicators at different levels were determined by using decision-making ...This paper establishes an evaluation index system for existing building green-retrofitting considering different building majors. The weights of indicators at different levels were determined by using decision-making analytic hierarchy process. According to fuzzy mathematics theory, indicators at different levels were taken into an evaluation factor set while three-star level, two-star level, one-star level and unqualified level were taken as the comment set to develop a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model for the green retrofitting of existing buildings. Additionally, the evaluation system proposed by this paper and the national standard "Assessment standard for green building" GB/T 50378-2014 were used in the assessment of a certain office after green retrofitting as a case study. The case study indicates that the evaluation developed by this research are more applicable for green retrofitting of existing building, while the national standard "Assessment standard for green building" has limitations except for new building.展开更多
Asthma,rhinitis and eczema(allergic or non-allergic)have increased throughout the world during the last decades,especially among children.Changes in the indoor environment are suspected to be important causes.China ha...Asthma,rhinitis and eczema(allergic or non-allergic)have increased throughout the world during the last decades,especially among children.Changes in the indoor environment are suspected to be important causes.China has experienced a dramatic change in indoor environmental exposures during the past two decades.However,such changes and their associations with children’s asthma and other health aspects have not been thoroughly studied.China,Children,Homes,Health(CCHH),Phase I,was a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 48219 children 1–8 years old in 10 Chinese cities during 2010–2012.The questionnaire includes the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood(ISAAC)core health questions and additional questions regarding housing,life habits and outdoor environment.In health analyses,children aged 3–6 years old were included.The prevalences of doctor diagnosed asthma varied from 1.7%to 9.8%(mean 6.8%),a large increase from 0.91%in 1999 and 1.50%in2000.The prevalence of wheeze,rhinitis and atopic eczema(last 12 months)varied from 13.9%to 23.7%,24.0%to 50.8%and4.8%to 15.8%,respectively.Taiyuan had the lowest prevalences of all illnesses and Shanghai the highest,except for wheezewhere the highest value was for Urumqi.We found(1)no obvious association between disease prevalences and ambient PM10concentrations and(2)higher prevalences of disease in humid climates with hot summers and cold winters,but with no centrally heated buildings.Associations between the diseases and economic status as indexed by Gross Domestic Product(GDP)requires further study.展开更多
The prevalence and risk factors of sick building syndrome(SBS)symptoms in domestic environments were studied by a questionnaire survey on the home environment.Parents of 5299 3–6 years old children from randomly sele...The prevalence and risk factors of sick building syndrome(SBS)symptoms in domestic environments were studied by a questionnaire survey on the home environment.Parents of 5299 3–6 years old children from randomly selected kindergartens in Chongqing,China returned completed questionnaires between December 2010 and April 2011.The prevalence of parents’SBS symptoms(often(every week)compared with never)were:11.4%for general symptoms,7.1%for mucosal symptoms and 4.4%for skin symptoms.Multiple logistic regressions were applied controlling for gender and asthma/allergic rhinitis/eczema.Living near a main road or highway was a strong risk factor for general symptoms(adjusted odds ratio,aOR=2.16,P<0.001),skin symptoms(aOR=2.69,P<0.001),and mucosal symptoms(aOR=1.63,P<0.01).Redecoration was a risk factor for general symptoms(aOR=2.00,P<0.001),skin symptoms(aOR=1.66,P<0.01),and mucosal symptoms(aOR=1.66,P<0.05).New furniture was a risk factor for general symptoms(aOR=2.16,P<0.001)and skin symptoms(aOR=1.67,P<0.01).Dampness related problems(mould spot,damp stain,water damage and condensation)were all risk factors for SBS symptoms,as was the presence of cockroaches,rats,and mosquitoes/flies and use of incense.Protective factors include cleaning the child’s bedroom every day and frequently exposing bedding to sunshine.In conclusion,adults’SBS symptoms were related to factors of the home environment.展开更多
Asthma and allergies have been increasing worldwide during the last 5 decades.Fifty years ago,prevalences of asthma and allergies were less than 1%;compared to today when up to 1/3 of children in some regions have bee...Asthma and allergies have been increasing worldwide during the last 5 decades.Fifty years ago,prevalences of asthma and allergies were less than 1%;compared to today when up to 1/3 of children in some regions have been diagnosed with asthma.The burden on families and the health care system is great.The increase in asthma,rhinitis,and eczema(whether atopic展开更多
To gain insight into the structures and stability of F4F6 polyhedrons formed by squares and hexagons,a density functional theory study was performed on all isomers of F4F6 polyhedrons with sizes from 8 to 60.The calcu...To gain insight into the structures and stability of F4F6 polyhedrons formed by squares and hexagons,a density functional theory study was performed on all isomers of F4F6 polyhedrons with sizes from 8 to 60.The calculated results demonstrate that the six squares tend to isolate from each other,i.e.these F4F6 polyhedrons obey the isolated square rule.Those isomers with fewer B44 bonds(square-square adjacencies) are more stable than those with more B44 bonds,i.e.they obey square adjacency penalty rule.Both of the two rules in F4F6 polyhedrons are in the same status as the isolated pentagon rule and pentagon adjacency penalty rule in F5F6 fullerenes and can be used to screen the lowest energy isomers of F4F6 polyhedrons as IPR and PAPR do in classic fullerenes.Structural analysis demonstrates that the pyramidalization of carbon atoms at the square-square adjacencies determines the stability of corresponding structures.展开更多
基金supported by the Key National Project of Physical Science(50838009)the National Technology Support Project(2012BAJ02B06)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(CDJXS12211107)
文摘The city of Chongqing has high outdoor temperatures and humidity throughout the year and consequently a high risk of dampness and mold problems in dwellings.As part of the China,Children,Homes,Health(CCHH),associations between home characteristics and children’s asthma,allergies,and related symptoms were investigated in Chongqing,China.A cross-sectional questionnaire survey on home characteristics including dampness and symptoms of asthma and allergies in 5299 children was performed.Data for 4754 children(3–6 years)and their homes were analyzed.Results showed that 35.1%of homes were reported to have"damp bedding",14.3%"condensation on window panes(higher than 5 cm)",11.6%"mouldy odor",9.3%"water leakage",8.3%"damp stains"and 5.3%"visible mould".Wheezing and rhinitis ever were reported for 27.0%and 51.1%children respectively,and rhinitis,wheezing,cough at night and eczema in the last 12 months were reported for 38.1%,20.5%,18.9%and 13.2%respectively.Doctor-diagnosed asthma was reported for 8.3%of children,and doctor-diagnosed rhinitis for 6.2%.Dampness in homes was generally strongly associated with asthma and allergies among Chongqing children.The strongest association was found between"visible mould"and doctor-diagnosed rhinitis,and the adjusted Odds Ratio(ORA)was 2.27(95%CI:1.48,3.49)."Damp bedding"was significantly associated with all asthma and allergic symptoms,but doctor-diagnosed asthma and rhinitis.The behavior of"putting bedding to sunshine"could effectively reduce the prevalence of asthma and allergic symptoms,and the risk of bedding affected with damp was reduced significantly when bedding was put to sunshine frequently.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China (No.2018YFC0704800)China: Urban-Scale Building Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Project (No.2-B-CS-017)
文摘This paper establishes an evaluation index system for existing building green-retrofitting considering different building majors. The weights of indicators at different levels were determined by using decision-making analytic hierarchy process. According to fuzzy mathematics theory, indicators at different levels were taken into an evaluation factor set while three-star level, two-star level, one-star level and unqualified level were taken as the comment set to develop a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model for the green retrofitting of existing buildings. Additionally, the evaluation system proposed by this paper and the national standard "Assessment standard for green building" GB/T 50378-2014 were used in the assessment of a certain office after green retrofitting as a case study. The case study indicates that the evaluation developed by this research are more applicable for green retrofitting of existing building, while the national standard "Assessment standard for green building" has limitations except for new building.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51136002,51076079,51006057)Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2012BAJ02B03)National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2010AA064903)
文摘Asthma,rhinitis and eczema(allergic or non-allergic)have increased throughout the world during the last decades,especially among children.Changes in the indoor environment are suspected to be important causes.China has experienced a dramatic change in indoor environmental exposures during the past two decades.However,such changes and their associations with children’s asthma and other health aspects have not been thoroughly studied.China,Children,Homes,Health(CCHH),Phase I,was a cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 48219 children 1–8 years old in 10 Chinese cities during 2010–2012.The questionnaire includes the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood(ISAAC)core health questions and additional questions regarding housing,life habits and outdoor environment.In health analyses,children aged 3–6 years old were included.The prevalences of doctor diagnosed asthma varied from 1.7%to 9.8%(mean 6.8%),a large increase from 0.91%in 1999 and 1.50%in2000.The prevalence of wheeze,rhinitis and atopic eczema(last 12 months)varied from 13.9%to 23.7%,24.0%to 50.8%and4.8%to 15.8%,respectively.Taiyuan had the lowest prevalences of all illnesses and Shanghai the highest,except for wheezewhere the highest value was for Urumqi.We found(1)no obvious association between disease prevalences and ambient PM10concentrations and(2)higher prevalences of disease in humid climates with hot summers and cold winters,but with no centrally heated buildings.Associations between the diseases and economic status as indexed by Gross Domestic Product(GDP)requires further study.
基金supported by the Key National Project of Physical Science(50838009)National Technology Support Project(2012BAJ02B06)
文摘The prevalence and risk factors of sick building syndrome(SBS)symptoms in domestic environments were studied by a questionnaire survey on the home environment.Parents of 5299 3–6 years old children from randomly selected kindergartens in Chongqing,China returned completed questionnaires between December 2010 and April 2011.The prevalence of parents’SBS symptoms(often(every week)compared with never)were:11.4%for general symptoms,7.1%for mucosal symptoms and 4.4%for skin symptoms.Multiple logistic regressions were applied controlling for gender and asthma/allergic rhinitis/eczema.Living near a main road or highway was a strong risk factor for general symptoms(adjusted odds ratio,aOR=2.16,P<0.001),skin symptoms(aOR=2.69,P<0.001),and mucosal symptoms(aOR=1.63,P<0.01).Redecoration was a risk factor for general symptoms(aOR=2.00,P<0.001),skin symptoms(aOR=1.66,P<0.01),and mucosal symptoms(aOR=1.66,P<0.05).New furniture was a risk factor for general symptoms(aOR=2.16,P<0.001)and skin symptoms(aOR=1.67,P<0.01).Dampness related problems(mould spot,damp stain,water damage and condensation)were all risk factors for SBS symptoms,as was the presence of cockroaches,rats,and mosquitoes/flies and use of incense.Protective factors include cleaning the child’s bedroom every day and frequently exposing bedding to sunshine.In conclusion,adults’SBS symptoms were related to factors of the home environment.
文摘Asthma and allergies have been increasing worldwide during the last 5 decades.Fifty years ago,prevalences of asthma and allergies were less than 1%;compared to today when up to 1/3 of children in some regions have been diagnosed with asthma.The burden on families and the health care system is great.The increase in asthma,rhinitis,and eczema(whether atopic
基金Supported from Southwest University, China (Grant No. SWNUB2005002)Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment within Ministry of Education, Chongqing University (Grant No. KLVF-2007-5)
文摘To gain insight into the structures and stability of F4F6 polyhedrons formed by squares and hexagons,a density functional theory study was performed on all isomers of F4F6 polyhedrons with sizes from 8 to 60.The calculated results demonstrate that the six squares tend to isolate from each other,i.e.these F4F6 polyhedrons obey the isolated square rule.Those isomers with fewer B44 bonds(square-square adjacencies) are more stable than those with more B44 bonds,i.e.they obey square adjacency penalty rule.Both of the two rules in F4F6 polyhedrons are in the same status as the isolated pentagon rule and pentagon adjacency penalty rule in F5F6 fullerenes and can be used to screen the lowest energy isomers of F4F6 polyhedrons as IPR and PAPR do in classic fullerenes.Structural analysis demonstrates that the pyramidalization of carbon atoms at the square-square adjacencies determines the stability of corresponding structures.
