Paleophytochemical Constituents from the Pliocene Fossil Wood of Pinus Armandii from Longling,Yunnan

Specimens of fossil wood preserved lignified in Pliocene brown coal and identified as Pinus armandii Francher come from an opencast coalmine at Longling in western Yunnan Province, China. Phytochemical investigation of the fossil wood isolated using liquid column chromatography seven compounds （1-7） including a new fluorene derivative named 11,11-dimethyl-11H-benzo[b]fluorene. A further 28 volatiles were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Spectroscopic investigation methods, including MS and 1D and 2D-NMR techniques elucidated the structure of the seven compounds. Two types of natural products, isopimara and stilbene commonly occuring in extant and Pliocene fossil P. armandii indicate phytochemical fidelity during burial under certain circumstances in sediments. Discovery of stilbenes that can inhibit the activities of wood-destroying fungi in the Pliocene P. armandii prompts the assumption that the chemical preservation of this Pliocene fossil wood of P. armandii in brown coal might contribute to the presence of inner natural inhibitors against wood-destroying fungi.

New Fossil Liverworts from the Lower Cretaceous of Western Liaoning, China

Sixteen liverwort specimens collected from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Huangbanjigou Village, Liaoning Province, China are studied in this work. The plants are thalloid and preserved in brown arenaceous mudstone as impressions. Based on examinations, the liverworts are assigned to two new genera and five new species： Riccardiothallus palmata sp. nov., Pallaviciniites stricta sp. nov., Pellites latithallus gen. et sp. nov., Conocephalumites hexagonites gen. et sp. nov. and Metzgerites multifidus sp. nov., belonging to five families and five genera. The fossil research indicates that the divergence of families, Aneuraceae and Metzgeriaceae, Pallaviciniaceae and Hymenophytaceae,Pelliaceae and Fossombroniaceae, was in the Lower Cretaceous（125 Ma）. The research provides significant additions to the fossil liverwort records in Western Liaoning and offers fossil evidence for studying the classification and evolution of extant liverworts.

健脾降脂颗粒质量标准提升研究

目的提升健脾降脂颗粒的质量控制标准。方法采用高效液相色谱法对党参,以及薄层色谱法对远志、丹参进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定丹参素钠的含量,色谱柱为Diamonsil^(TM)C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-1%冰醋酸溶液(6∶94,V/V),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为280 nm,进样量为20μL。结果色谱中能明显检出远志、丹参、党参,且阴性对照无干扰,专属性强。丹参素钠质量浓度在0.542~54.200μg/mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(R2=0.9999,n=6);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验结果的RSD均小于2.0%(n=6);平均加样回收率为101.86%,RSD为1.68%(n=6)。结论所建立的方法简便、准确、专属性强,可为健脾降脂颗粒质量标准的提升提供参考。

前路心磨大量提取高精度面粉的工艺措施

由于工艺配置、操作等原因,一些企业有好小麦却生产不出好面粉,或者高精度面粉的提取率很低,其一个重要的原因就是好料后推,货料重复研磨,违背了高精度面粉生产的基本原则,前路心磨不能大量提取高精度面粉。从研磨、筛理、清粉、操作指标以及技术参数等方面阐述在前路心磨提取高精度面粉的工艺措施,以期达到提高面粉质量和出粉率的目的。

北极黄河站生态环境考察与研究进展

北极黄河站位于北极斯瓦尔巴群岛新奥尔松地区,是生态系统对全球变化响应监测与研究的理想之地。我国自2004年建站以来,开展了系统的王湾海域生态断面和陆地植被样方的长期监测与研究,同时开展了环境污染和鸟类种群变迁等方面的考察与研究。结果表明:冰川退缩迹地上的物种更替明显,而范氏藓等可很好地反映该地区同时期的气温变化;从北极黄河站周边区域的海底沉积物、土壤、湖沉积物和冰川冰碛中分离获得了3个北极新属和21个北极新种,并发现了部分活性菌株;王湾海域微型浮游生物存在较高的生物多样性,其表层水存在潜在氮限制;微藻对温度有较好的适应性,具有通过自身调节来适应北极环境变化的能力;苔原植物对重金属具富集能力,大气传输是持久性有机污染物(POPs)污染来源的最主要途径;鸟类方面,在距今9 400年海鸟就已在该地区生活繁衍,种群数量存在明显波动并在距今7 650年左右达到最大。未来应坚持监测断面和样方的长期监测,进一步掌握生物群落的变化趋势;融合我国在该地区的大气、冰川、样方和海洋监测,开展大气-冰雪-陆地-海洋相互作用研究,聚焦科学问题并形成我国在该地区的研究特色。

A Review on the Taxonomic,Evolutionary and Phytogeographic Studies of the Lotus Plant(Nelumbonaceae:Nelumbo)

Nelumbo Adans. （Nelumbonaceae） is an important member of the early-diverging eudicots. It contains two extant species： N. nucifera Gaertn. （the Sacred lotus）, distributed in Asia and Australia and N. lutea Willd. （the American lotus）, occurring in North America. This paper reviews the taxonomic, evolutionary and phytogeographic studies of the genus Nelumbo, and also raises scientific questions about it in further paleobotanic research. There are about 30 fossil species of Nelumbo established since the Early Cretaceous. Based on fossil studies, the ancestors of the extant N. nucifera and N. lutea are respectively considered to be N. protospeciosa from the Eocene to Miocene of Eurasia, and N. protolutea from the Eocene of North American. However, molecular systematic studies indicate that N. nucifera and N. lutea are probably split from a common ancestor during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene, or even the Pleistocene, rather than separate relicts from extinct species on different continents. The characters of lotus stomatal development, seedling morphology as well as its flowering, pollination and fertilization in air reveal that it evolves from the land plants. Fossil data of Nelumbo indicates that the genus first occurs in mid-latitude area of Laurasia in the Early Cretaceous, then becomes widespread in North America and Eurasia and expands into Africa and South America during the Late Cretaceous; the genus probably colonizes the Indian Subcontinent from Asia during the Early Eocene after the collision of India and the Asian plates; the genus becomes extinct in Europe, but survives in Asia and North America during the Quaternary Ice Age, and later forms the present East Asia and North Australia-North America disjunctive distribution.

高效液相色谱法同时测定寒热痹颗粒中5种成分含量

目的建立同时测定芒果苷、升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、肉桂酸和芍药苷含量的高效液相色谱法。方法色谱柱为Agilent SB C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为254 nm,柱温为35℃,进样量为10μL。结果芒果苷、升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、肉桂酸和芍药苷的质量浓度分别在5.10~101.90μg/m L(r=0.999 9),9.66~193.20μg/m L(r=0.999 9),9.56~191.20μg/m L(r=0.999 8),9.88~197.60μg/m L(r=0.999 9),98.85~1 977.00μg/m L(r=0.999 9)范围内与峰面积线性关系良好;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD均小于2.0%(n=6);平均加样回收率分别为95.26%,96.88%,98.97%,94.86%,95.55%,RSD分别为1.05%,0.82%,1.38%,0.72%,0.66%(n=6)。结论该方法操作简便,结果准确,重复性好,可用于寒热痹颗粒的质量控制。

Early Miocene Mosses from Weichang, North China, and their Environmental Significance

Twenty-seven moss specimens collected from the Guangfayong section （Early Miocene,22.1 Ma） of the Weichang District,North China were investigated in the present study.Based on the morphological and anatomical features of gametophytes,all specimens were found to belong to three species：Leptodictyum riparium,Drepanocladus subtrichophyllus sp.nov.,and Amblystegium varium,all of which belong to the family Amblystegiaceae.The microhabitats and living environments of fossil mosses were also investigated based on comparison with living mosses.The results suggest that these mosses grew primarily at the edges of rivers,streams,and lakes and favored being submerged in streams or lakes in the Weichang District in the Early Miocene.

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定27批中药材中16种重金属元素

目的考察27批次中药饮片中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铜(Cu)、铝(Al)、钴(Co)、钒(V)、硒(Se)、钼(Mo)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、锑(Sb)、锡(Sn)、锂(Li)、钡(Ba)等16种重金属元素的含量,为中药饮片的规范使用及用药安全性提供科学依据。方法样品经过微波消解后,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定其中16种重金属元素的含量,并通过柑橘叶质控样品进行随行质量控制。结果27批样品中有2批的铜(Cu)元素和1批的镉(Cd)元素含量超过了《中国药典》2020年版的限度规定,其他样品均符合《中国药典》2020年版规定。《中国药典》2020年版未规定限度的其他11种元素中,铝(Al)、钡(Ba)和铬(Cr)在部分批次药材中含量较高,有必要对其安全性及元素价态分布进行进一步研究。结论本试验测定的27批中药饮片中药典有限度规定的铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铜(Cu)5种元素的合格率达到了较高的水平,证明列版《中国药典》主导的监管起到了积极效果。对于尚未有限量规定的元素,应主动加以监管以使中药饮片的重金属有害元素的风险可控。

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定中成药中马兜铃酸Ⅰ含量

目的建立测定13种中成药中马兜铃酸Ⅰ含量的超高效液相色谱串联质谱法。方法色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm),流动相为0.1%甲酸溶液(含10 mmol/L甲酸铵)-乙腈(梯度洗脱),流速0.3 m L/min,柱温25℃,离子源为电喷雾离子源(ESI),扫描方式为正离子扫描,多反应离子监测(MRM)模式。结果马兜铃酸Ⅰ质量浓度在0.04655~9.31000μg/m L范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(R^(2)=0.9999,n=5);定量限、检测限分别为0.05 ng和0.015 ng;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD均小于2.0%;平均加样回收率为100.49%,RSD为2.29%(n=6)。结论所建立的方法专属性强,快速、灵敏,可用于中成药中马兜铃酸Ⅰ的含量测定。

五海瘿瘤丸中17种重金属及有害元素残留量测定及风险评估

目的测定五海瘿瘤丸中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铜(Cu)、铝(Al)、钴(Co)、钒(V)、硒(Se)、钼(Mo)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、铁(Fe)、锑(Sb)、锡(Sn)、锂(Li)、钡(Ba)17种重金属及有害元素的残留量,并进行风险评估。方法样品经微波消解后采用电感耦合等离子体-质谱(ICP-MS)法对15批五海瘿瘤丸中17种重金属及有害元素进行含量测定和分析;以人工胃液模拟人体消化过程测定17种重金属及有害元素的溶出率。结果17种重金属及有害元素均在各自质量浓度范围内与响应值的线性关系良好(r>0.9985);精密度和重复性试验的RSD均小于5.0%(n=6);加样回收率介于89.90%~107.90%,RSD均小于7%(n=9)。Cd,Hg,Al,Se,Mo,Fe,Sb,Sn,Ba元素无溶出或未检出,其他元素有溶出。8种重金属及有害元素的危害指数均小于1。结论五海瘿瘤丸在人体吸收过程无重大健康风险。

ICP-MS同时测定骨折挫伤胶囊中重金属的含量

目的建立测定骨折挫伤胶囊中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)元素含量的电感耦合等离子体-质谱(ICP-MS)法。方法样品经人工胃液提取,以锗(Ge)、铟(In)、铋(Bi)为内标,采用电感耦合等离子体-质谱法同时测定5种元素。结果5种元素质量浓度在线性范围内与响应强度线性关系良好,平均回收率97.4%~102.7%,RSD均小于3.5%(n=6)。结论该方法准确,灵敏,无干扰,可用于骨折挫伤胶囊中5种重金属及有害元素的测定。

Pollen morphology in Saxifraga(Saxifragaceae) from Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, Arctic, and its taxonomic significance

Pollen morphology of eight species of Saxifraga, i.e.S, cespitosa, S. oppositifolia, S. cernua, S. nivalis, S. aizoides, S. rivularis, S. hieraciifolia, and S. hirculus, collected from Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, Arctic was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Pollen grains of Saxifraga species are subprolate or prolate, 3-colpate, 15.4-44.4 μm in the polar axis, 11.4 34.6 μm in the equatorial axis, and show a P/E ratio 1.19-1.40. On the basis of exine ornamentation, four pollen types, viz., the S. oppositifolia type （striate without scabrae on the muff）, S. cernua type （striate with scabrae on the muri）, S. nivalis type （microreticulate and operculum absent）, and S. cespitosa type （microechinate and operculum present）, were recognized. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the pollen morphological characters indicated that pollen morphology supports the infrageneric classification of the genus Saxifraga.

骨折挫伤胶囊质量评价

目的对骨折挫伤胶囊的质量进行分析与评价,为其质量控制和标准提升提供依据。方法依据现行标准进行检验,从安全性、有效性方面开展探索性研究。结果标准检验合格率88%。探索性研究结果表明,部分生产企业可能存在投料不足等问题。结论骨折挫伤胶囊质量较好,现行标准需进一步完善提高。

面粉加工过程中温水润麦效果的研究

小麦润麦是面粉加工过程中的重要环节,通过试验以及实际生产情况来看,用温水润麦后,具有提高皮层韧性,降低面粉灰分,提高高等级面粉出率,降低细麸屑数量和提高面粉品质等优点。研究冬季和夏季分别用温水与冷水润麦在面粉的灰分,湿面筋,白度,麸星面积,粉质拉伸等方面指标的变化,结果表明用温水润麦制粉效果更好。面粉企业可根据自己的原粮情况,选择合适的润麦时间、润麦水分和润麦时水的温度。

A network for long-term monitoring of vegetation in the area of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island

Climate warming has become evident in the maritime Antarctic over the past decades, and has already influenced the growing season and the population size of two native vascular plants in Antarctica, Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis. Both vascular plant species are therefore regarded as good bioindicators of regional warming in west Antarctica. To carry out long-term monitoring of vegetation （mainly using D. antarctica） and build a comprehensive research platform for multi-disciplinary study （including botany, microbiology, ecology, and environmental science） for Chinese scientists, 13 permanent plots were established in January and February of 2013-2015 in the area of Fildes Peninsula （King George Island）. Here we present the benchmark data of the first observations from these plots, including site characteristics, and the population and associates of D. antarctica in each plot. The basic data are important to understand the vegetation change, distribution range, and expansion of D. antarctica in Antarctica under future climate change scenarios.

Pollen morphology of selected tundra plants from the highArctic of Ny-lesund, Svalbard

Documenting morphological features of modem pollen is fundamental for the identification of fossil pollen, which will assist researchers to reconstruct the vegetation and climate of a particular geologic period. This paper presents the pollen morphol- ogy of 20 species of tundra plants from the high Arctic of Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, using light and scanning electron microscopy. The plants used in this study belong to 12 families： Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cyperaceae, Ericaceae, Juncaceae, Papav- eraceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. Pollen grain shapes included： spher- oidal, subprolate, and prolate. Variable apertural patterns ranged from 2-syncolpate, 3-colpate, 3-（-4）-colpate, 3-（-5）-colpate, 3-colporate, 5-poroid, ulcerate, ulcus to pantoporate. Exine ornamentations comprised psilate, striate-perforate, reticulate, mi- croechinate, microechinate-perforate, scabrate, granulate, and granulate-perforate. This study provided a useful reference for com- parative studies of fossil pollen and for the reconstruction of paleovegetation and paleoclimate in Svalbard region of Arctic.

中小型面粉企业提高面粉白度、亮度和吸水量的措施

针对一些中小型面粉企业存在的面粉白度、亮度和吸水量等问题进行研究,分析产生这些问题的根本原因,提出应采取重视小麦品质、完善清理工艺、做好小麦分级工作、粉路和操作要符合现代制粉技术要求,以及重视小麦着水与调质处理等几个方面措施来提高面粉品质。

Characterization and origin of charcoalified foxtail millet(Setaria italica) from the Chenyuan Site of the Western Zhou Dynasty in Shangluo, SE Shaanxi, China

In this paper, we discuss charcoalified foxtail millet grains dated to the middle to late Western Zhou Dynasty and collected from the Chenyuan archeological site in Shangluo, in China's southeastern Shaanxi Province. We assigned these specimens to the species Setaria italica based on the following characteristics: an obtuse chalazal apex with missing stigmatic remains; an undulant seed surface composed of rectangular cells with undulate anticlinal walls; an elongated and deeply depressed embryo extending to almost the full seed length; and spherical starch grains. We suggest that the spread of foxtail millet from its original northern distribution center to the southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains could be attributed to: its prominence across Zhou crop systems; the latter area's arid or subarid climate; and the migration south of Zhou people fleeing severe conflict between their nation and northern nomads.

Pliocene charcoals from Shanxi Province of China and their application to studies of prehistoric wildfires

Charcoals collected from the middle-late Pliocene sediments of the Taigu Basin,Shanxi Province,China,have been identified as Ulmus sp.(Ulmaceae),Prunus sp.,Maloidoxylon sp.(Rosaceae),and Maclura sp.(Moraceae).These taxa,along with the previously known fossils,indicate the occurrence of temperate climate and local wildfire at that time.Charcoals of trees and/or shrubs and the morphological changes of these charcoals demonstrate that crown fires and surface fires occurred in the Taigu Basin during the middle-late Pliocene.