Genetic improvement has promoted wheat’s grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)during the past decades.Therefore,the current wheat cultivars exhibit higher grain yield and NUE than previous cultivars in the Yan...Genetic improvement has promoted wheat’s grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)during the past decades.Therefore,the current wheat cultivars exhibit higher grain yield and NUE than previous cultivars in the Yangtze River Basin,China since the 2000s.However,the critical traits and mechanisms of the increased grain yield and NUE remain unknown.This study explores the mechanisms underlying these new cultivars’increased grain yield and NUE by studying 21 local cultivars cultivated for three growing seasons from 2016 to 2019.Significantly positive correlations were observed between grain yield and NUE in the three years.The cultivars were grouped into high(HH),medium(MM),and low(LL)grain yield and NUE groups.The HH group exhibited significantly high grain yield and NUE.High grain yield was attributed to more effective ears by high tiller fertility and greater single-spike yield by increasing post-anthesis single-stem biomass.Compared to other groups,the HH group demonstrated a longer leaf stay-green ability and a greater flag leaf photosynthetic rate after anthesis.It also showed higher N accumulation at pre-anthesis,which contributed to increasing N accumulation per stem,including stem and leaf sheath,leaf blade,and unit leaf area at pre-anthesis,and promoting N uptake efficiency,the main contribution of high NUE.Moreover,tiller fertility was positively related to N accumulation per stem,N accumulation per unit leaf area,leaf stay-green ability,and flag leaf photosynthetic rate,which indicates that improving tiller fertility promoted N uptake,leaf N accumulation,and photosynthetic ability,thereby achieving synchronous improvements in grain yield and NUE.Therefore,tiller fertility is proposed as an important kernel indicator that can be used in the breeding and management of cultivars to improve agricultural efficiency and sustainability.展开更多
We present a quantum key distribution scheme using a weak-coupling cavity QED regime based on quantum dense coding.Hybrid entanglement statesof photons and electrons are used to distribute information.We just need to ...We present a quantum key distribution scheme using a weak-coupling cavity QED regime based on quantum dense coding.Hybrid entanglement statesof photons and electrons are used to distribute information.We just need to transmit photons without storing them in the scheme.The electron confined in a quantum dot,which is embedded in a microcavity,is held by one of the legitimate users throughout the whole communication process.Only the polarization of a single photon and spin of electron measurements are applied in this protocol,which are easier to perform than collective-Bell state measurements.Linear optical apparatus,such as a special polarizing beam splitter in a circular basis and single photon operations,make it more flexible to realize under current technology.Its efficiency will approach 100%in the ideal case.The security of the scheme is also discussed.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771711 and 32071953)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300405)+1 种基金the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China,the Project of the Vice General Manager of Science and Technology of Jiangsu Province,China(FZ20211472)the Plan of Gathering 1000 Leading Talents of Suqian,China.
文摘Genetic improvement has promoted wheat’s grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)during the past decades.Therefore,the current wheat cultivars exhibit higher grain yield and NUE than previous cultivars in the Yangtze River Basin,China since the 2000s.However,the critical traits and mechanisms of the increased grain yield and NUE remain unknown.This study explores the mechanisms underlying these new cultivars’increased grain yield and NUE by studying 21 local cultivars cultivated for three growing seasons from 2016 to 2019.Significantly positive correlations were observed between grain yield and NUE in the three years.The cultivars were grouped into high(HH),medium(MM),and low(LL)grain yield and NUE groups.The HH group exhibited significantly high grain yield and NUE.High grain yield was attributed to more effective ears by high tiller fertility and greater single-spike yield by increasing post-anthesis single-stem biomass.Compared to other groups,the HH group demonstrated a longer leaf stay-green ability and a greater flag leaf photosynthetic rate after anthesis.It also showed higher N accumulation at pre-anthesis,which contributed to increasing N accumulation per stem,including stem and leaf sheath,leaf blade,and unit leaf area at pre-anthesis,and promoting N uptake efficiency,the main contribution of high NUE.Moreover,tiller fertility was positively related to N accumulation per stem,N accumulation per unit leaf area,leaf stay-green ability,and flag leaf photosynthetic rate,which indicates that improving tiller fertility promoted N uptake,leaf N accumulation,and photosynthetic ability,thereby achieving synchronous improvements in grain yield and NUE.Therefore,tiller fertility is proposed as an important kernel indicator that can be used in the breeding and management of cultivars to improve agricultural efficiency and sustainability.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant Nos 10874098 and 10805030the National Basic Research Program of China(2009CB929402,2011CB9216002)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Education Ministry of China(2006-0003048)。
文摘We present a quantum key distribution scheme using a weak-coupling cavity QED regime based on quantum dense coding.Hybrid entanglement statesof photons and electrons are used to distribute information.We just need to transmit photons without storing them in the scheme.The electron confined in a quantum dot,which is embedded in a microcavity,is held by one of the legitimate users throughout the whole communication process.Only the polarization of a single photon and spin of electron measurements are applied in this protocol,which are easier to perform than collective-Bell state measurements.Linear optical apparatus,such as a special polarizing beam splitter in a circular basis and single photon operations,make it more flexible to realize under current technology.Its efficiency will approach 100%in the ideal case.The security of the scheme is also discussed.
