Background,aim,and scope Owing to the rapid development of modernisation and urbanisation,living standards have gradually improved.However,the widespread use of high-energy-consuming indoor appliances and furniture ha...Background,aim,and scope Owing to the rapid development of modernisation and urbanisation,living standards have gradually improved.However,the widespread use of high-energy-consuming indoor appliances and furniture has made indoor environments a primary environmental problem affecting human health.Sick building syndrome(SBS)and building-related illness(BRI)have occurred,and indoor air conditions have been extensively studied.Common indoor pollutants include CO,CO_(2),volatile organic compounds(VOCs)(such as the formaldehyde and benzene series),NOx(NO and NO_(2)),and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs).VOCs have replaced SO_(2)as the“The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan”urban air quality assessment new indicators.Indoor VOCs can cause diseases such as cataract,asthma,and lung cancer.To protect human health,researchers have proposed several indoor air purification technologies,including adsorption,filtration,electrostatic dust removal,ozonation,and plant purification.However,each technology has drawbacks,such as high operating costs,high energy consumption,and the generation of secondary waste or toxic substances.Plant degradation of VOCs as a bioremediation technology has the characteristics of low cost,high efficiency,and sustainability,thereby becoming a potential green solution for improving indoor air quality.This study introduces the research status and mechanism of plant removal of indoor VOCs and provides an experimental basis and scientific guidance for analysing the mechanism of plant degradation of pollutants.Materials and methods This study reviews studies on the harm caused by indoor pollutants to human health and related sources,mainly investigating the degradation of indoor formaldehyde,BTEX(benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,and xylene)plant mechanisms,and research results.Results Plants can remove VOCs via stomatal and non-stomatal adsorption,interfoliar microbial,rhizosphere microbial,and growth media.Benzene,toluene,and xylene(BTX)are adsorbed by pores,hydroxylated into fumaric acid,and then removed into CO_(2) and H_(2)O by TCA.Formaldehyde enters plant leaves through the stomata and epidermal waxy substances and is adsorbed.After the two steps of enzymatic oxidation,formic acid and CO_(2) are generated.Finally,it enters the Calvin cycle and removes glucose and other nontoxic compounds.Discussion The non-stomatal degradation of VOCs can be divided into adsorption by cuticular wax and active adsorption by plant surface microorganisms.The leaf epidermal waxy matter content and the lipid composition of the epidermal membrane covering the plant surface play important roles in the non-stomatal adsorption of indoor air pollutants.The leaf margin of a plant is an ecological environment containing various microbial communities.The endophytic and inoculated microbiota in plant buds and leaves can remove VOCs(formaldehyde and BTEX).Formaldehyde can be directly absorbed by plant leaves and converted into organic acids,sugars,CO_(2) and H_(2)O by microbes.Bioremediation of indoor VOCs is usually inefficient,leading to plant toxicity or residual chemical substance volatilisation through leaves,followed by secondary pollution.Therefore,plants must be inoculated with microorganisms to improve the efficiency of plant degradation of VOCs.However,the effectiveness of interfoliar microbial removal remains largely unknown and several microorganisms are not culturable.Therefore,methods for collecting,identifying,and culturing microorganisms must be developed.As the leaf space is a relatively unstable environment,the degradation of VOCs by rhizosphere microorganisms is equally important,and formaldehyde is absorbed more by rhizosphere microorganisms at night.The inoculation of bacteria into the rhizosphere improves the efficiency of plants in degrading VOCs.However,most of these studies were conducted in simulation chambers.To ensure the authenticity of these conclusions,the ability of plants to remove indoor air pollutants must be further verified in real situations.Conclusions Plant purification is an economical,environment-friendly,and sustainable remediation technology.This review summarises the mechanisms of VOC plant degradation and presents its limitations.Simultaneously,it briefly puts forward a plant selection scheme according to different temperatures,light,and specific VOCs that can be absorbed to choose the appropriate plant species.However,some studies have denied the purification effect of plants and proposed that numerous plants are required to achieve indoor ventilation effects.Therefore,determining the ability of plants to remove indoor VOCs requires a combination of realistic and simulated scenarios.Recommendations and perspectives Plants and related microorganisms play an important role in improving indoor air quality,therefore,the effect of plants and the related microorganisms on improving indoor air quality must be studied further and the effect of plants on indoor VOCs will be the focus of future research.展开更多
针对端到端(device-to-device,D2D)用户与蜂窝用户共享频谱资源产生的干扰问题,以最大化系统中D2D链路的吞吐量为优化目标,提出一种联合功率控制和信道分配的资源分配机制。根据D2D用户的干扰门限和蜂窝用户的信干噪比(signal to interf...针对端到端(device-to-device,D2D)用户与蜂窝用户共享频谱资源产生的干扰问题,以最大化系统中D2D链路的吞吐量为优化目标,提出一种联合功率控制和信道分配的资源分配机制。根据D2D用户的干扰门限和蜂窝用户的信干噪比(signal to interference plus noise ratio,SINR)提出了一种基于用户间距离的复用准则,确定D2D用户可复用的信道资源集合;在给定D2D用户复用任意资源集合的前提下,调整D2D用户的发射功率,以衡量各个D2D用户在不同信道资源集合上的吞吐量,但暂不分配功率;基于功率控制的结果,采用组合拍卖的方法为D2D链路分配信道及对应的发射功率,从而实现了联合功率控制和信道分配。因此,系统资源分配结果更为合理。仿真结果表明,该机制能有效抑制跨层干扰和同层干扰,提升D2D链路的吞吐量,提高用户的服务质量(quality of service,QoS)。展开更多
针对设备到设备(device-to-device,D2D)通信网络中蜂窝用户和D2D通信对之间的相互干扰问题,提出一种联合信道签名和资源调度的设计方案。该方案构建了基于时间反演的D2D信道签名模型,实现干扰消除;在博弈模型基础上,对D2D用户进行功率分...针对设备到设备(device-to-device,D2D)通信网络中蜂窝用户和D2D通信对之间的相互干扰问题,提出一种联合信道签名和资源调度的设计方案。该方案构建了基于时间反演的D2D信道签名模型,实现干扰消除;在博弈模型基础上,对D2D用户进行功率分配,以满足蜂窝用户的服务质量(quality of service,QoS)需求;在容量增益限制区域内按照优先级大小为D2D用户分配蜂窝链路资源,并在满足资源共享参数阈值的情况下,进一步充分利用蜂窝用户的频谱资源,为空闲蜂窝用户选择对其干扰最小的D2D用户,提升D2D用户的吞吐量。仿真结果表明,该方案有效地抑制了D2D异构网络中蜂窝用户和D2D用户的相互干扰,提升了平均速率,同时兼顾用户资源共享的公平性及通信的安全性。展开更多
文摘Background,aim,and scope Owing to the rapid development of modernisation and urbanisation,living standards have gradually improved.However,the widespread use of high-energy-consuming indoor appliances and furniture has made indoor environments a primary environmental problem affecting human health.Sick building syndrome(SBS)and building-related illness(BRI)have occurred,and indoor air conditions have been extensively studied.Common indoor pollutants include CO,CO_(2),volatile organic compounds(VOCs)(such as the formaldehyde and benzene series),NOx(NO and NO_(2)),and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs).VOCs have replaced SO_(2)as the“The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan”urban air quality assessment new indicators.Indoor VOCs can cause diseases such as cataract,asthma,and lung cancer.To protect human health,researchers have proposed several indoor air purification technologies,including adsorption,filtration,electrostatic dust removal,ozonation,and plant purification.However,each technology has drawbacks,such as high operating costs,high energy consumption,and the generation of secondary waste or toxic substances.Plant degradation of VOCs as a bioremediation technology has the characteristics of low cost,high efficiency,and sustainability,thereby becoming a potential green solution for improving indoor air quality.This study introduces the research status and mechanism of plant removal of indoor VOCs and provides an experimental basis and scientific guidance for analysing the mechanism of plant degradation of pollutants.Materials and methods This study reviews studies on the harm caused by indoor pollutants to human health and related sources,mainly investigating the degradation of indoor formaldehyde,BTEX(benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,and xylene)plant mechanisms,and research results.Results Plants can remove VOCs via stomatal and non-stomatal adsorption,interfoliar microbial,rhizosphere microbial,and growth media.Benzene,toluene,and xylene(BTX)are adsorbed by pores,hydroxylated into fumaric acid,and then removed into CO_(2) and H_(2)O by TCA.Formaldehyde enters plant leaves through the stomata and epidermal waxy substances and is adsorbed.After the two steps of enzymatic oxidation,formic acid and CO_(2) are generated.Finally,it enters the Calvin cycle and removes glucose and other nontoxic compounds.Discussion The non-stomatal degradation of VOCs can be divided into adsorption by cuticular wax and active adsorption by plant surface microorganisms.The leaf epidermal waxy matter content and the lipid composition of the epidermal membrane covering the plant surface play important roles in the non-stomatal adsorption of indoor air pollutants.The leaf margin of a plant is an ecological environment containing various microbial communities.The endophytic and inoculated microbiota in plant buds and leaves can remove VOCs(formaldehyde and BTEX).Formaldehyde can be directly absorbed by plant leaves and converted into organic acids,sugars,CO_(2) and H_(2)O by microbes.Bioremediation of indoor VOCs is usually inefficient,leading to plant toxicity or residual chemical substance volatilisation through leaves,followed by secondary pollution.Therefore,plants must be inoculated with microorganisms to improve the efficiency of plant degradation of VOCs.However,the effectiveness of interfoliar microbial removal remains largely unknown and several microorganisms are not culturable.Therefore,methods for collecting,identifying,and culturing microorganisms must be developed.As the leaf space is a relatively unstable environment,the degradation of VOCs by rhizosphere microorganisms is equally important,and formaldehyde is absorbed more by rhizosphere microorganisms at night.The inoculation of bacteria into the rhizosphere improves the efficiency of plants in degrading VOCs.However,most of these studies were conducted in simulation chambers.To ensure the authenticity of these conclusions,the ability of plants to remove indoor air pollutants must be further verified in real situations.Conclusions Plant purification is an economical,environment-friendly,and sustainable remediation technology.This review summarises the mechanisms of VOC plant degradation and presents its limitations.Simultaneously,it briefly puts forward a plant selection scheme according to different temperatures,light,and specific VOCs that can be absorbed to choose the appropriate plant species.However,some studies have denied the purification effect of plants and proposed that numerous plants are required to achieve indoor ventilation effects.Therefore,determining the ability of plants to remove indoor VOCs requires a combination of realistic and simulated scenarios.Recommendations and perspectives Plants and related microorganisms play an important role in improving indoor air quality,therefore,the effect of plants and the related microorganisms on improving indoor air quality must be studied further and the effect of plants on indoor VOCs will be the focus of future research.
文摘针对端到端(device-to-device,D2D)用户与蜂窝用户共享频谱资源产生的干扰问题,以最大化系统中D2D链路的吞吐量为优化目标,提出一种联合功率控制和信道分配的资源分配机制。根据D2D用户的干扰门限和蜂窝用户的信干噪比(signal to interference plus noise ratio,SINR)提出了一种基于用户间距离的复用准则,确定D2D用户可复用的信道资源集合;在给定D2D用户复用任意资源集合的前提下,调整D2D用户的发射功率,以衡量各个D2D用户在不同信道资源集合上的吞吐量,但暂不分配功率;基于功率控制的结果,采用组合拍卖的方法为D2D链路分配信道及对应的发射功率,从而实现了联合功率控制和信道分配。因此,系统资源分配结果更为合理。仿真结果表明,该机制能有效抑制跨层干扰和同层干扰,提升D2D链路的吞吐量,提高用户的服务质量(quality of service,QoS)。
文摘针对设备到设备(device-to-device,D2D)通信网络中蜂窝用户和D2D通信对之间的相互干扰问题,提出一种联合信道签名和资源调度的设计方案。该方案构建了基于时间反演的D2D信道签名模型,实现干扰消除;在博弈模型基础上,对D2D用户进行功率分配,以满足蜂窝用户的服务质量(quality of service,QoS)需求;在容量增益限制区域内按照优先级大小为D2D用户分配蜂窝链路资源,并在满足资源共享参数阈值的情况下,进一步充分利用蜂窝用户的频谱资源,为空闲蜂窝用户选择对其干扰最小的D2D用户,提升D2D用户的吞吐量。仿真结果表明,该方案有效地抑制了D2D异构网络中蜂窝用户和D2D用户的相互干扰,提升了平均速率,同时兼顾用户资源共享的公平性及通信的安全性。
