Nietzsche＇s philosophical views have by now been superseded. He found the roots of nihilism in European society＇s traditionaI metaphysics and Christian morality, and he located nihilism specifically within the field...Nietzsche＇s philosophical views have by now been superseded. He found the roots of nihilism in European society＇s traditionaI metaphysics and Christian morality, and he located nihilism specifically within the field of morality or value. He so urgently sought to resolve the problem of nihilism that he proposed extreme methods, such as the revaluation of all values. But he did not overcome nihilism completely, though he claimed that the Overman would replace the Christian God. Nihilism is not only a European phenomenon. As a historical process, nihilism may appear in different countries. We should take a positive attitude toward this phenomenon and guide it in the right direction. Nietzsche＇s ideas on nihilism are important contributions and an inspiring legacy that can help us confront contemporary phenomena.展开更多
文摘目的:研究不同透析龄患者腹膜透析流出液(peritoneal dialysis effluent,PDE)外泌体中差异蛋白质组。方法:选取10例稳定腹膜透析(peritoneal dialysis,PD)患者,根据透析龄分为初始腹透组(n=5)和维持腹透组(n=5)。收集患者留腹过夜的PDE,通过透射电镜(transmission electron microscopy,TEM)、纳米颗粒跟踪分析(nanoparticle tracking analysis,NTA)、免疫印迹法鉴定经超速离心提取的外泌体,并用非标记定量蛋白质组学技术鉴定和筛选,对具有显著差异的蛋白开展功能富集和信号通路生物信息学分析。结果:PDE中提取到的外泌体TEM下呈茶托状,直径分布在30~150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63和TSG101。通过数据库比对两组共筛选出499种差异蛋白,与初始腹透组相比,维持腹透组经差异显著性筛选上调蛋白17种,下调蛋白15种。基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)分析显示,差异表达蛋白主要分布在氯离子通道复合物、细胞表面以及核基质,以结合与催化活性为主,参与结合的正向调控、氧化应激反应及过氧化物酶反应等生物过程。京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)通路主要富集在免疫相关的信号通路,包括IL-17和Th17细胞分化信号通路,在腹膜损伤中起着关键作用。结论:采用非标记定量蛋白质组学技术筛选的差异蛋白可能作为PD患者腹膜损伤的候选标志物,也为揭示腹膜纤维化分子生物学机制提供线索。
文摘Nietzsche＇s philosophical views have by now been superseded. He found the roots of nihilism in European society＇s traditionaI metaphysics and Christian morality, and he located nihilism specifically within the field of morality or value. He so urgently sought to resolve the problem of nihilism that he proposed extreme methods, such as the revaluation of all values. But he did not overcome nihilism completely, though he claimed that the Overman would replace the Christian God. Nihilism is not only a European phenomenon. As a historical process, nihilism may appear in different countries. We should take a positive attitude toward this phenomenon and guide it in the right direction. Nietzsche＇s ideas on nihilism are important contributions and an inspiring legacy that can help us confront contemporary phenomena.
