This study investigated the carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) gas emissions(N_2O,NH_3,CO_2 and CH_4) from solid pig manure management in China.Gas emissions were quantified from static piles over 60 days during summer in Chin...This study investigated the carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) gas emissions(N_2O,NH_3,CO_2 and CH_4) from solid pig manure management in China.Gas emissions were quantified from static piles over 60 days during summer in China's Yangtze River Basin,using Drager-Tube and static chamber-gas chromatography techniques.High emissions of NH_3 and N_2 O were observed at the early stage of storage,but high emission of CH_4 occured later during storage.Overall,62% of the total C in the original pile was lost; CO_2 and CH_4 emissions accounted for 57 and 0.2% of C lost respectively.Over the same time,41% of the total N in the original pile was lost; NH_3 and N_2 O emissions accounted for 15 and 0.3% of N lost respectively.The volatilization of NH_3 during storage in summer was 4.56 g NH_3 per kg dry weight.The total greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions during storage accounted for 67.93 g CO_2 equivalent per kg dry weight; N_2 O and CH_4 contributed to 46 and 55% of total GHG emissions respectively.Given China's major role in pig production,further attention should given to pig manure management to mitigate its contribution to atmospheric pollution.展开更多
Monitoring and early warning is an important means to effectively prevent risks in agricultural production,consumption and price.In particular,with the change of modes of national administration against the background...Monitoring and early warning is an important means to effectively prevent risks in agricultural production,consumption and price.In particular,with the change of modes of national administration against the background of big data,improving the capacity to monitor agricultural products is of great significance for macroeconomic decision-making.Agricultural product information early warning thresholds are the core of agricultural product monitoring and early warning.How to appropriately determine the early warning thresholds of multi-temporal agricultural product information is a key question to realize real-time and dynamic monitoring and early warning.Based on the theory of abnormal fluctuation of agricultural product information and the research of substantive impact on the society,this paper comprehensively discussed the methods to determine the thresholds of agricultural product information fluctuation in different time dimensions.Based on the data of the National Bureau of Statistics of China(NBSC)and survey data,this paper used a variety of statistical methods to determine the early warning thresholds of the production,consumption and prices of agricultural products.Combined with Delphi expert judgment correction method,it finally determined the early warning thresholds of agricultural product information in multiple time,and carried out early warning analysis on the fluctuation of agricultural product monitoring information in 2018.The results show that:(1)the daily,weekly and monthly monitoring and early warning thresholds of agricultural products play an important early warning role in monitoring abnormal fluctuations with agricultural products;(2)the multitemporal monitoring and early warning thresholds of agricultural product information identified by the research institute can provide effective early warning on current abnormal fluctuation of agricultural product information,provide a benchmarking standard for China's agricultural production,consumption and price monitoring and early warning at the national macro level,and further improve the application of China's agricultural product monitoring and early warning.展开更多
针对控释肥施用条件下作物产量与土壤氨挥发特征不明晰的问题,以东北春玉米种植模式为研究对象,采用德尔格氨管法(DTM法)研究了不同施肥处理[农民常规施肥处理(施氮量为180 kg N·hm^(-2),FP)、控释肥施氮量180 kg N·hm^(-2)处...针对控释肥施用条件下作物产量与土壤氨挥发特征不明晰的问题,以东北春玉米种植模式为研究对象,采用德尔格氨管法(DTM法)研究了不同施肥处理[农民常规施肥处理(施氮量为180 kg N·hm^(-2),FP)、控释肥施氮量180 kg N·hm^(-2)处理(CRF180)和控释肥施氮量144 kg N·hm^(-2)处理(CRF144)]下土壤氨挥发动态变化特征、土壤氨挥发总量及玉米产量。结果表明:受施肥和降雨因素的影响,每个处理氨挥发峰值均出现在施肥后(基肥和追肥)第1~2 d、第11~12 d左右;FP处理在12~14 d后氨挥发速率降低至零,但CRF180、CRF144处理仍有少量挥发。全生育期FP、CRF180、CRF144处理来自氮肥的氨挥发量依次为19.9、23.8、19.6 kg·hm^(-2),差异不显著(P>0.05),损失率分别为11.06%、13.22%、13.61%。CRF144处理和FP处理产量都保持在12 t·hm^(-2)以上,其两者不存在显著差异,但CRF144处理能够显著地提高氮肥农学效率和偏生产力(P<0.05)。综合考虑氨挥发量与产量,在现有施氮量基础上减少20%,并且施用控释肥是该地区春玉米农田减肥增效适宜的推广技术。展开更多
A new kind of biodegradable pH-sensitive drug delivery system was developed via chitosan-albumin conjugate hydrogel. Through changing the feeding modes of reactants, two types of hydrogels（comb-type and reticular-typ...A new kind of biodegradable pH-sensitive drug delivery system was developed via chitosan-albumin conjugate hydrogel. Through changing the feeding modes of reactants, two types of hydrogels（comb-type and reticular-type） were synthesized by amidation reactions between 6-O-succinoylated N-phthaloyl chitosan and albumin. The structures and morphologies of the hydrogels were characterized by SEM. And their water swelling capacity, drug loading and releasing properties at different pH values were also investigated. It was found that the comb-type of hydrogels with looser space construction had better water swelling ratio（more than 400% of its original mass） than the reticular-type of ones did（about 180% of its original mass）. In vitro release experiments of Rifampicin show that the hydrogels provided the controlled release of the entrapped drug for more than 50 h. The drug release rates of both types of hydrogels under acidic condition were lower than those under neutral or basic condition. The introduction of albumin not only improved the hydrophilicity of chitosan, but also provided the possibility of the carrier system combining other biologically active materials more easily to fulfill the delivery and therapy functions.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFE0101100,2016YFD0201204,2017YFD0201801)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41671303)+3 种基金the Fund amental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution of China (1610132016042)the Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (201303103)the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program,2012CB417100)the Australia-China Joint Research Centre-Healthy Soils for Sustainable Food Production and Environmental Quality jointly funded by the Australian Department of Industry,Innovation and Science (ACSRF48165)
文摘This study investigated the carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) gas emissions(N_2O,NH_3,CO_2 and CH_4) from solid pig manure management in China.Gas emissions were quantified from static piles over 60 days during summer in China's Yangtze River Basin,using Drager-Tube and static chamber-gas chromatography techniques.High emissions of NH_3 and N_2 O were observed at the early stage of storage,but high emission of CH_4 occured later during storage.Overall,62% of the total C in the original pile was lost; CO_2 and CH_4 emissions accounted for 57 and 0.2% of C lost respectively.Over the same time,41% of the total N in the original pile was lost; NH_3 and N_2 O emissions accounted for 15 and 0.3% of N lost respectively.The volatilization of NH_3 during storage in summer was 4.56 g NH_3 per kg dry weight.The total greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions during storage accounted for 67.93 g CO_2 equivalent per kg dry weight; N_2 O and CH_4 contributed to 46 and 55% of total GHG emissions respectively.Given China's major role in pig production,further attention should given to pig manure management to mitigate its contribution to atmospheric pollution.
基金The Science and Technoloav Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2020-A11-02)is appreciated for supporting this study.
文摘Monitoring and early warning is an important means to effectively prevent risks in agricultural production,consumption and price.In particular,with the change of modes of national administration against the background of big data,improving the capacity to monitor agricultural products is of great significance for macroeconomic decision-making.Agricultural product information early warning thresholds are the core of agricultural product monitoring and early warning.How to appropriately determine the early warning thresholds of multi-temporal agricultural product information is a key question to realize real-time and dynamic monitoring and early warning.Based on the theory of abnormal fluctuation of agricultural product information and the research of substantive impact on the society,this paper comprehensively discussed the methods to determine the thresholds of agricultural product information fluctuation in different time dimensions.Based on the data of the National Bureau of Statistics of China(NBSC)and survey data,this paper used a variety of statistical methods to determine the early warning thresholds of the production,consumption and prices of agricultural products.Combined with Delphi expert judgment correction method,it finally determined the early warning thresholds of agricultural product information in multiple time,and carried out early warning analysis on the fluctuation of agricultural product monitoring information in 2018.The results show that:(1)the daily,weekly and monthly monitoring and early warning thresholds of agricultural products play an important early warning role in monitoring abnormal fluctuations with agricultural products;(2)the multitemporal monitoring and early warning thresholds of agricultural product information identified by the research institute can provide effective early warning on current abnormal fluctuation of agricultural product information,provide a benchmarking standard for China's agricultural production,consumption and price monitoring and early warning at the national macro level,and further improve the application of China's agricultural product monitoring and early warning.
文摘针对控释肥施用条件下作物产量与土壤氨挥发特征不明晰的问题,以东北春玉米种植模式为研究对象,采用德尔格氨管法(DTM法)研究了不同施肥处理[农民常规施肥处理(施氮量为180 kg N·hm^(-2),FP)、控释肥施氮量180 kg N·hm^(-2)处理(CRF180)和控释肥施氮量144 kg N·hm^(-2)处理(CRF144)]下土壤氨挥发动态变化特征、土壤氨挥发总量及玉米产量。结果表明:受施肥和降雨因素的影响,每个处理氨挥发峰值均出现在施肥后(基肥和追肥)第1~2 d、第11~12 d左右;FP处理在12~14 d后氨挥发速率降低至零,但CRF180、CRF144处理仍有少量挥发。全生育期FP、CRF180、CRF144处理来自氮肥的氨挥发量依次为19.9、23.8、19.6 kg·hm^(-2),差异不显著(P>0.05),损失率分别为11.06%、13.22%、13.61%。CRF144处理和FP处理产量都保持在12 t·hm^(-2)以上,其两者不存在显著差异,但CRF144处理能够显著地提高氮肥农学效率和偏生产力(P<0.05)。综合考虑氨挥发量与产量,在现有施氮量基础上减少20%,并且施用控释肥是该地区春玉米农田减肥增效适宜的推广技术。
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2009CB930102)the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China(No.2007AA03Z535)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.20774094 20874097)the "100 Talents Program" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KGCX2-YW-802)the Project of Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Department China(No.20082104).
文摘A new kind of biodegradable pH-sensitive drug delivery system was developed via chitosan-albumin conjugate hydrogel. Through changing the feeding modes of reactants, two types of hydrogels（comb-type and reticular-type） were synthesized by amidation reactions between 6-O-succinoylated N-phthaloyl chitosan and albumin. The structures and morphologies of the hydrogels were characterized by SEM. And their water swelling capacity, drug loading and releasing properties at different pH values were also investigated. It was found that the comb-type of hydrogels with looser space construction had better water swelling ratio（more than 400% of its original mass） than the reticular-type of ones did（about 180% of its original mass）. In vitro release experiments of Rifampicin show that the hydrogels provided the controlled release of the entrapped drug for more than 50 h. The drug release rates of both types of hydrogels under acidic condition were lower than those under neutral or basic condition. The introduction of albumin not only improved the hydrophilicity of chitosan, but also provided the possibility of the carrier system combining other biologically active materials more easily to fulfill the delivery and therapy functions.
