人类活动对鄱阳湖水位变化的影响

进入21世纪以来,长江干流上游水库群运行和鄱阳湖区采砂等人类活动对鄱阳湖与长江之间水沙交换过程产生了重要影响,加速了江湖关系演变。主要采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和其他统计分析法,分析了近50年来鄱阳湖水位变化阶段性和趋势性特征,并探讨了长江干流上游水库群调节和湖区采砂活动对鄱阳湖水位变化的影响机制。结果显示:2000~2014年鄱阳湖水位分阶段降低,2006~2014年水位降至最低,比2000年前低了1.08m。2000年之后,鄱阳湖全年、汛期和枯季平均水位都有减少趋势,特别是10月份平均水位有非常显著的减少趋势;不同季节主湖区与入江水道水位变化趋势不一致。长江干流上游水库群调节对鄱阳湖水位影响存在时空差异,水库群蓄水期加剧了鄱阳湖水位下降的幅度。人工采砂活动对鄱阳湖水位的影响在枯季尤其是冬季影响更明显。合理调度长江干流上游水库群及湖区采砂活动对维护鄱阳湖和长江关系的健康维持具有重要意义。

水体悬沙浓度连续测量技术研究综述

水体悬沙浓度是水利、环境、河口海岸与海洋相关研究领域最为基础的数据需求之一。随着传感器技术的发展,悬沙浓度连续测量技术在悬沙浓度测量领域表现出高时空分辨率、长期数据采集的成本和风险均较低的突出优点。本文综述了光学、声学、音叉谐振、压差和放射性射线衰减等原理用于悬沙浓度连续测量技术的相关研究进展,探讨了各技术方法的优、缺点,并提出了今后的研发重点和发展方向主要在以下几个方面:1)光后向散射原理是低成本、小型化和高时频测量悬沙浓度的最优技术路线,需着力于开展量程扩增和粒径敏感度削弱研究;2)低不确定度悬沙浓度垂向剖面观测的实现依赖于超声后向散射原理技术路线的发展;3)音叉谐振原理技术路线尤为契合高含沙水流和浮泥工况下的超高量程应用场景;4)多技术路线传感器融合以及使用人工智能算法模型替代正向反演模型。

鄱阳湖水位变化趋势性对人类活动响应分析

进入21世纪以来,长江干流上游水库群的运行对鄱阳湖与长江之间物质和能量的交换过程产生了重要影响,鄱阳湖流域的秋旱现象逐渐严重,江湖关系加速演变.采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、R/S(Rescaled Range Analysis)分析法、变差系数C v和偏态系数C s等方法,分析了2000年以来鄱阳湖水位变化趋势性特征;分析了长江干流上游水库群调节和湖区采砂活动对鄱阳湖水位趋势性变化的影响.结果显示:2000—2014年鄱阳湖水位分阶段降低,2006—2014年水位降至最低,比2000年前低1.08 m.2000年后,鄱阳湖全年、汛期和枯季平均水位都有减少趋势,10月份平均水位有非常显著的减少趋势;不同季节主湖区与入江水道水位变化趋势性不一致;H值表明鄱阳湖冬季水位减少有较强的持续性.长江干流上游水库群调节对鄱阳湖水位影响存在时空差异,水库群蓄水期加剧了鄱阳湖水位下降的幅度,对湖心区影响达4%以上.采砂活动对鄱阳湖水位的影响在2006—2014年表现明显,除了10月份外其余季节的影响都大于长江干流上游水库群调节作用.合理调度长江干流上游水库群及湖区采砂活动在保护鄱阳湖生态环境中具有重要意义.

高速PCB电路电源完整性仿真分析

针对日益复杂的高速印制电路板(Printed Circuit Board,PCB)电源电压波动问题,提出一种基于电源分配网络(Power Distribution Network,PDN)与目标阻抗协同仿真设计的方法,对1.15V电源网络的电源完整性(Power Integrity,PI)进行研究。主要涉及两个方面:(1)直流分析,通过加宽覆铜面积、减少回流路径等措施使1.15V电压降从9mV跌落至2.5mV、温度从1.3℃降至0.1℃、直流电流密度从91.3403A/mm^2降至82.3935A/mm^2;(2)交流分析,从谐振分布和PDN输入阻抗分析,在987.34MHz谐振点处添加22μF去耦电容,搭建去耦网络去除风险点。仿真结果表明该方法有效地减少了高速PCB电路潜在的电压波动和目标阻抗不匹配的风险,从而提高了电源系统稳定性和可靠性。

Intratidal and neap-spring variations of suspended sediment concentrations and sediment transport processes in the North Branch of the Changjiang Estuary

Profles of tidal current and suspended sediment concentration （SSC） were measured in the North Branch of the Changjiang Estuary from neap tide to spring tide in April 2010. The measurement data were analyzed to determine the characteristics of intratidal and neap-spring variations of SSC and suspended sediment transport. Modulated by tidal range and current speed, the tidal mean SSC increased from 0.5 kg/m3 in neap tide to 3.5 kg/ma in spring tide. The intratidal variation of the depth-mean SSC can be summarized into three types： V-shape variation in neap tide, M-shape and mixed M-V shape variation in medium and spring tides. The occurrence of these variation types is controlled by the relative intensity and interaction of resuspension, settling and impact of water exchange from the rise and fall of tide. In neap tide the V-shape variation is mainly due to the dominant effect of the water exchange from the rise and fall of tide. During medium and spring tides, resuspension and settling processes become dominant. The interactions of these processes, together with the sustained high ebb current and shorter duration of low-tide slack, are respon- sible for the M-shape and M-V shape SSC variation. Weakly consolidated mud and high current speed cause significant resuspension and remarkable flood and ebb SSC peaks. Setting occurs at the slack water periods to cause SSC troughs and formation of a thin flufflayer on the bed. Fluxes of water and suspended sediment averaged over the neap-spring cycle are all seawards, but the magnitude and direction of tidal net sediment flux is highly variable.

Flood-ebb asymmetry in current velocity and suspended sediment transport in the Changjiang Estuary

Time series measurements were conducted on suspended sediment and current velocity from neap tide to spring tide in the South Branch of the upper Changjiang Estuary in the summer of 2011. Strong flood-ebb asymmetry in the current velocity was observed in the South Branch as a result of high river runoff and tide deformation, in which the magnitude and duration of ebb currents were significantly greater than those of flood currents. The suspended sediment concentration（SSC） and suspended median grain size also exhibited remarkable flood-ebb variation; these variables were considerably larger during the ebb than during the flood and increased from neap to spring tide. Affected by the strong asymmetry in the current velocity and SSC between the flood and ebb,suspended sediment flux during the ebb was notably larger than during the flood, and a seaward tidal net flux was observed in each tidal cycle. The balance of sediment flux illustrates that the seaward sediment transport was dominated by river flow and tidal trapping and the landward sediment transport was dominated by the Stokes drift and the shear effect. Notable resuspension occurred during the spring and moderate tides. The critical velocity for the resuspension of bed sediments was estimated based on the correlation between current velocity with SSC and suspended median grain size. The results show that the critical velocity was approximately 40 cm/s during the flood phases and approximately 80 cm/s during the ebb phases because the surficial flood bed sediments located in the lower reach are much finer than the surficial ebb bed sediments located in the upper reach. The flood-ebb variation in the critical erosion velocity has significant effect on the intratidal variation of SSC and sediment transport process, and it is a common phenomenon in many estuaries of the world due to the complicated spatial distribution of bed sediments.

The self-regulation process and its mechanism of channels' bed changes in the Changjiang(Yangtze) Estuary in China

Recent bathymetric changes in the Changjiang Estuary under the influence of artificial regulation engineerings and basin reservoirs have been analyzed based on the maritime charts since 1997 and recent fieldworks. The results indicate a slight erosion of the channels in the upper and middle estuary, continuing deposition and seaward move of the mouth bar crest and intensifying erosion at the nearshore seabed. It is noteworthy that the morphological evolution caused by intensive human activities dominates over the changes from nature process. First, the riverbes are eroded overall in the South Branch （SB）, the South Channel （SC） and the upper and middle reaches of the North Channel （NC）. The nearshore seabed outside the river mouth is being eroded slightly, which is attributed to the declining sediment supply from the Changjiang Basin due to the construction of the Three Gorges Dam upstream. The sediment above the seabed is very active and coarsened, meanwhile, sand waves are becoming more distinct. Second, a deposition occurs in the North Brach （NB）, the mouth of the NC, the mouth bars of the North Passage （NP） and the South Passage （SP） and especially the main channel of the NP, where it shows a massive siltation after the deep waterway project. The reasons for the recent changes are not only the dynamic structure in estuarine mouth bars, but also the supply of sediment resuspension in a local and offshore area. Meanwhile, the severe erosion and siltation in some reaches is related to the construction of estuarine engineerings. It is indicated that the Changjiang Estuary is gradually self-adjusted and adapting to the varying natural factors and intensive human activities. The study on the mechanism of self-regulation of the recent bathymetric changes in the Changjiang Estuary has important and practical significance.

Distribution and fluxes of suspended sediments in the offshore waters of the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary

The offshore waters of the Changjiang Estuary are the transitional areas where river-supplied water and sediment are transported to the sea, and material exchanges occur with the neighbored Hangzhou Bay and the Jiangsu waters. Field observations of currents and sediment properties were conducted to study temporal and spatial distributions of suspended sediments under various dynamical conditions. The high sediment concentrations were found to occur in the western and southern waters of the offshore, and the low concentrations occurred in the eastern and northern waters. This pattern of the suspended sediment concentration （SSC） distribution is obviously influ- enced by the runoff and tidal current. The significant difference of along-estuary SSC distribution indicates that the SSC is reduced gradually from the west to the east, and that in the spring tide is obviously higher than in the neap tide. The methods of mechanism analysis and equal-area grids were used to calculate the suspended sediment fluxes at the typical cross sections. It was found that 44 percent of total suspended sediments from the Changjiang River were deposited in the submarine delta, and more than 27 percent of sediments were transported southernly into the Hangzhou Bay, and only 9 percent of sediments was supplied and exchanged with the northern Jiangsu waters, and about 20 percent of sediments was delivered offshore to the sea.

Nonlinear advection,Coriolis force,and frictional influence in the South Channel of the Yangtze Estuary,China

Observation data of along-estuary and lateral current velocities over a transect located at the South Channel of the Yangtze estuary was obtained during a spring tide in August 2011.Harmonic analysis was done on the current velocities to get a mean component and a semi-diurnal component.Based on these two components,the driving mechanisms of mean lateral flow and M2 lateral tidal flow are shown and analyzed respectively.The dominant driving force of mean lateral flow is nonlinear advection and that of lateral M2 tidal flow is Coriolis force.The friction plays an important role near the bottom and surface for both lateral mean flow and M2 tidal flow.

考虑车-路交互作用的车辆轨迹预测算法研究

准确预测动态障碍轨迹是自动驾驶车辆正确决策和精准控制的关键。考虑复杂环境中车辆运动状态受车道信息和周围车辆共同影响,基于编-解码框架,提出一种聚合车辆-车道信息的车辆轨迹预测模型。首先采用有向图表征地图车道节点,然后通过门控循环单元(Gated recurrent unit,GRU)对目标车辆和周围障碍进行融合编码,同时引入人工势场模型,表征车-车相对交互作用。再将车道节点向量和斥力向量融合,并采用注意力机制进一步挖掘编码向量时空耦合机制。最后通过策略网络对车道节点进行评分和聚类,实现障碍物多模态轨迹预测。基于nuScene轨迹预测数据集进行训练和评估,测试结果表明,相较于现有基线模型,提出的预测模型具有更低的预测误差和更好的鲁棒性。另外,将斥力场引入注意力机制使得该模型具有更好的可解释性。

A New Approach for the Health Assessment of River Systems Based on Interconnected Water System Networks

Interconnected river system networks is a national water conservancy strategy in China and focus of research. Here we discuss the classification system, material and energy exchange between rivers and lakes, various dynamic flows and ecological functions of river-lake interconnected relationships. We then propose a novel method for the health assessment of river systems based on interconnected water system networks. In a healthy river system there is ＂material and energy exchange＂ and it is the first and foremost relationship of material and energy exchange between rivers and lakes. There are unobstructed various ＂flows＂ between rivers and lakes including material flows （water, dissolved substances, sediments, organisms and contaminants）, energy flows （water levels, flow and flow velocity）, information flows （information generated with water flows, organisms and human activities） and value flows （shipping, power generation, drinking and irrigation）. Under the influences of na- ture and human activity, various flows are connected by river-lake interconnection to carry material and energy exchange between rivers and lakes to achieve river-lake interactions. The material and energy exchange between rivers and lakes become one of the approaches and the direct driving forces of changes in river-lake interconnected relationships. The benignant changes in river-lake interconnected relationship tend to be in relatively steady state and in ideal dynamic balance.

Distributions of sediments of the tidal flats in response to dynamic actions,Yangtze （Changjiang） Estuary

Sediment samples with high spatial resolution （432 samples in total） and flow data were collected on the tidal flats in the mouth-bar region of the Yangtze Estuary. The data was collected in July 2005, July 2006 and May 2007. The samples were analyzed with a particle sizer, resulting in the sediment distribution. The grain sizes and related parameters were analyzed. The results were presented in a ternary diagram. The sediment mainly consisted of sand, silty sand, sandy silt, sand-silt-clay, silt and clayey silt. And sand skeletons and clay matrices were found. At Nanhui Shoal, silt skeletons could be identified as well. Furthermore, the results were discussed per shoal. Although some depth dependencies were found per shoal, no general relation was found. The results are as follows： sediment located at these tidal flats of the Yangtze Estuary was mainly composed of sand, silty sand and silt. The median grain size in sediment was relatively complex with a range from 2.5 φ to 8 φ. The distributions of sorting coefficients ranging from 1 to 2 were in agreement with median sizes. It was suggested that sediment of the tidal flats was coarser and better sorted or finer and worse sorted. The skewness in sediment distribution varied from 0.1 to 0.8. In addition, the distributions of sorting coefficient and skewness in sediment at Chongming Eastern Shoal, Hengsha Eastern Shoal and Jiuduan Shoal were of similar characteristics because there were closely positive correlated relationships among these parameters. However, due to the location difference between Nanhui Southern Shoal and Eastern Shoal, the values of sorting coefficient and skewness had relatively large distinctions. The tracks of sediment transport could be described based on the distributions of sediment, which might reveal sediment transport controlled by two dominant hydrodynamic factors of current and wave. It was appreciable that coarser sediment with lower sorted coefficient was affected by dominant ebb current action and intense wave action resulted from rapidly dissipated wave energy. Moreover, due to the effects of obstructed branches, guided current and broken wave actions of the Deep Water Channel Project, grain-size in sediment located at two sides of the groyne was of uneven distribution characteristics.